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Questions 1

(a) Topic: 21.2 (biotechnology)

(b) Topic: 21.2 (biotechnology)

(c) Topic: 21.1 (biotechnology and genetic modifications)

(d) Topic: 1.1 (characteristics of living organisms)

(e) Topic: 2.1 (cell structure)

1 (a) Fig. 1.1 is a photograph showing different stages of bread‑making. Bread dough is made by mixing flour, water and yeast together. Bread dough A has just been mixed. Bread dough B was mixed a few hours before the photograph was taken and has increased in volume.

(i) State the name of the gas that caused bread dough B to increase in volume.
(ii) State the name of the process in yeast that produces the gas during bread‑making.

(b) State one other product that is made using yeast, apart from food or drink.

(c) Bacteria are another type of microorganism that is used in biotechnology. Tick two boxes to show why bacteria are useful in biotechnology.

(d) Bacteria and yeast are living organisms. Table 1.1 shows descriptions of some characteristics of living organisms. Complete Table 1.1 by writing the name for each characteristic described.

(e) State two cell structures that are found in both bacteria and plants.

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans 

(a)(i) carbon dioxide

(ii) respiration

(b) biofuels / AVP

(c) make complex molecules ticked, rapid reproduction rate ticked

(d)

  • sensitivity ;
    excretion ;
    growth

(e) 

  • any two from:
    cell wall ;
    cell membrane ;
    cytoplasm ;
    ribosomes ;
    DNA / genetic material ;
    AVP

Questions 2

(a) Topic: 5.1 (enzymes)

(b) Topic: 5.1 (enzymes)

(c) Topic: 5.1 (enzymes)

(d) Topic: 5.1 (enzymes)

Enzymes are biological catalysts.
(a) Describe what is meant by a catalyst.

(b) State the type of biological molecule enzymes are made of.

(c) The rates of enzyme activity of two different enzymes, A and B, were recorded at different temperatures. Fig. 2.1 shows the results:

(i) Compare the effect of temperature on the rate of enzyme activity for enzymes A and B. Use data from Fig. 2.1 to support your answer.

(ii) State the part of an enzyme that has a complementary shape to a substrate.

(iii) State one factor, other than temperature, that would affect the rate of enzyme activity.

(d) The box on the left contains the word ‘Enzymes’. The boxes on the right contain some sentence endings. Draw three lines from the box on the left to make three correct sentences.

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans 

(a) (a substance that) increases the rate of reaction / speeds up the reaction ; and is not changed (by the reaction)

(b) proteins / amino acids

(c)(i) any four from:
1 the (rate of) activity of (both) enzymes increases then decreases (with increasing temperature) ;
2 both enzymes are active between 40 and 45 / 46 °C ;
3 enzyme A is active at lower temperatures / enzyme B is active at higher temperatures ;
4 the optimum temperature of A is lower than B ; ora
5 (enzyme) A is denatured at a lower temperature than B ; ora
6 correct data quote for either enzyme (to support any marking point) ;
7 correct temperature ranges for where enzyme A and enzyme B are active

(ii) active site ; 

2(c)(iii) pH / AVP ; 

2(d) enzymes linked to: are involved in all metabolic reactions ; are necessary to sustain life ; are used to make fruit juice

Questions 3

(a) Topic: 3.1 (diffusion)

(b) Topic: 3.2 (osmosis)

(c) Topic: 12.2 (aerobic respiration)

(a) A student investigated how surface area affected the rate of diffusion. The student started with four agar cubes that each had a volume of \(1cm^3\). The agar cubes were dyed with a red indicator. The red indicator turned yellow when exposed to acid. The student cut the cubes into different numbers of blocks to increase the surface area. The blocks were placed in acid, as shown in Fig. 3.1. The student recorded the time taken for all of the agar blocks in each test‑tube to turn yellow. The student repeated the investigation twice and calculated a mean.

(i) Calculate the mean time for all the blocks to turn yellow in test‑tube C. Give your answer to the nearest whole number. Space for working.

(ii) Using the results shown in Table 3.1, describe the effect of surface area on diffusion.

(iii) State one factor, other than surface area, that could affect diffusion in this investigation.

(iv) Complete the sentences to describe how the acid particles diffuse to cause the colour change. The acid particles move from the acid solution into the ………………………………………..,
down a ………………………………………… gradient. The energy for this process comes from the …………………………………… energy of random movement of the acid particles.

(b) Describe one way that osmosis differs from other types of diffusion.

(c) Substances needed for respiration diffuse into cells.
(i) Circle the two substances needed for aerobic respiration in humans.

carbon dioxide glucose glycogen oxygen protein urea water

(ii) State where aerobic respiration occurs in cells.

(iii) State the name of the part of all cells that substances pass through to enter the cell.

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans 

(a)(i) 82

(ii) any one from: increasing the surface area increases the, speed / rate, of diffusion ; ora increasing the surface area decreases the time taken to turn yellow ; ora

(iii) any one from:
temperature ; concentration of acid ; AVP

(iv) agar / block ; concentration ; kinetic

(b) any one from:
(osmosis) involves water (only) / AW ;
(osmosis) involves a partially permeable membrane / AW

(c)(i) glucose ; oxygen

(ii) mitochondria / mitochondrion

(iii) (cell) membrane

Questions 4

(a) Topic: 10.1 (diseases and immunity)

(b) Topic: 10.1 (diseases and immunity)

(c) Topic: 10.1 (diseases and immunity)

(d) Topic: 10.1 (diseases and immunity)

(a) Symptoms of the disease influenza may include sneezing. Fig. 4.1 shows a sign at a hospital.

Explain why washing your hands after sneezing can help to prevent the spread of disease.

(b) State two ways of preventing the spread of disease through water.

(c) State three ways the body defends itself against disease.

(d) Identify each disease or virus as transmissible or non‑transmissible by drawing a circle around the correct word.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) – transmissible / non‑transmissible
coronary heart disease (CHD) – transmissible / non‑transmissible
scurvy – transmissible / non‑transmissible

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans 

(a) sneeze (may) contain (named) pathogens ; idea of pathogens being removed by washing hands

(b) any two from:

  • boiling water / bottled water ;
    chlorinated water / UV steriliser / purification or sterilising
    tablets ;
    waste disposal / sewage treatment / separate drinking and
    toilet systems ;
    AVP

(c) any three from:

  • skin ;
    hairs in the nose ;
    mucus / ciliated cells ;
    stomach acid ;
    white blood cells / antibodies / phagocytosis ;
    tears ;
    AVP

(d) transmissible
non–transmissible
non–transmissible

Questions 5

(a) Topic: 16.3 (sexual reproduction in plants)

(b) Topic: 14.5 (tropical responses)

(c) Topic: 19.2 (food chains and food webs)

(a) A student investigated the conditions needed for the germination of cress seeds. Fig. 5.1 shows the apparatus, conditions used and the results of the investigation.

(i) Identify the letters of the two test‑tubes in Fig. 5.1 that show that oxygen is needed for germination………………………………………. and …………………………………….

(ii) A gardener wanted to store some cress seeds for a long time before using them. Use the information in Fig. 5.1 to identify the ideal conditions to prevent germination. Tick two boxes

(b) Tropic responses were investigated in two plants, X and Y. The plants were placed in separate boxes for 5 days. Fig. 5.2 shows plants X and Y at the start of the investigation. Both boxes had a hole on one side that let light in. Plant X was kept in the same position. Plant Y was placed on a platform that was continually rotated.

(i) Predict and explain how the shape of plant Y will differ from the shape of plant X after 5 days of growth.

(ii) State the name of the tropic response that would be seen in plant X in Fig. 5.2 after 5 days.

(iii) Suggest and explain the advantage to a plant of tropic responses in shoots.

(c) State the position plants occupy in a food chain.

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans 

(a)(i) C ; D / E ;

(ii) cold ticked ; dry ticked

(b)(i) plant Y would be straight(er) ; all, sides / parts / leaves, of plant Y, receives light 

(b)(ii) phototropism

(b)(iii) receives more light / AW ; for photosynthesis

(c) first trophic level / producer

Questions 6

(a) Topic: 20.2 (Habitat distruction)

(b) Topic: 20.2 (Habitat distruction)

(c) Topic: 20.1 (food supply)

(d) Topic: 20.2 (Habitat distruction)

(e) Topic: 20.2 (Habitat distruction)

(a) Cabbages are crop plants.

Fig. 6.1 shows an area where the forest has been removed to create space for a monoculture of cabbage plants.

(i) Describe reasons for habitat destruction, other than crop production.

(ii) Describe the advantages of growing crops such as cabbages as a large‑scale monoculture.

(b) Habitat destruction can cause species extinction. State two ways that species can be conserved, other than protection of their habitat.

(c) Four islands, A, B, C and D, were surveyed to identify the different types of crop plant monocultures present. The survey identifies the percentage of each type of monoculture on each island. Fig. 6.2 shows the results of the survey.

Identify the island or islands from Fig. 6.2 that: have the greatest number of different types of monocultures ………………………. have the greatest percentage of crop 2 monocultures ………………………. have more than 50% crop 3 monocultures. ………………………. and ……………………….

(d) One effect of deforestation and monocultures is a reduction in biodiversity. State what is meant by the term biodiversity.

(e) Crop 3 is a type of tree that can be used for firewood. Suggest how this resource can be managed sustainably.

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans 

(a)(i) any three from:

  • 1 (increased area for) housing / urbanisation / industry/ factories / buildings ;
    2 roads / railways / infrastructure / building dams ;
    3 livestock production / AW ;
    4 extraction of, (named) natural resources / mining ;
    5 freshwater / marine, pollution ;
    6 climate change / global warming ;
    7 AVP ;

(a)(ii) any three from:

  • 1 increased yield ;
    2 less space required ;
    3 cheaper, production / labour cost OR more profit / AW ;
    4 easier harvesting ;
    5 fertiliser / pesticides, applied (to all) at the same time OR same, fertiliser / pesticide, is used ; ora
    6 AVP

(b) any two from:

  • monitoring or tagging / protection, of species ;
    legislation / law / prevent (over) hunting / prevent poaching ;
    seed banks / zoos ;
    captive breeding programmes ;
    education ;
    removal of introduced species ;

(c)A ; A ; B and D

(d) the number of (different) species ; that live in an area

(e) any one from:
replant when trees are removed / AW ;
do not cut down too many trees (at once)

 

Questions 7

(a) Topic: 7.2 (digestive system)

(b) Topic: 1.1 (characteristics of living organisms)

(c) Topic: 7.1 (diet)

(d) Topic: 7.1 (diet)

(e) Topic: 7.1 (diet)

(a) Fig. 7.1 is a diagram of the human digestive system.

State the letter in Fig. 7.1 that identifies:
the gall bladder ……………………….
the organ that secretes salivary amylase ……………………….
where egestion occurs ……………………….
where most absorption occurs ……………………….
where physical digestion occurs ……………………….
where the pH is acidic. ……………………….

(b) The boxes on the left show some examples of nutrients. The boxes on the right show some examples of molecules. Draw lines to link each nutrient to a molecule found in that nutrient. Draw two lines.

(c) State the vitamin deficiency that causes rickets.

(d) Describe the dietary importance of the mineral ions calcium and iron.
calcium 
iron 

(e) Fat, protein, vitamins and mineral ions are all required for a balanced diet. State the names of two other components of a balanced diet.

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans 

(a) H ;
A ;
F ;
G ;
C ;
C

(b)

(c) (vitamin) D ; 

(d) calcium: for, bones / teeth ; iron: for, haemoglobin / red blood cells ;

(e) any two from:

  • (named) carbohydrate ;
    water ;
    fibre / roughage ;
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