Question 1:
(a) Fig. 1.1 is a branching key that can be used to identify different types of crustaceans.
Fig. 1.2 shows six crustaceans.
Use the key in Fig. 1.1 to identify the six different types of crustacean.
Write the letters on the lines in Fig. 1.2.
(b) Crustaceans are one group of arthropods.
State the names of two other groups of arthropods.
1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Describe one way in which all vertebrates differ from arthropods.
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▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: 1(a) E, A, D,
F, C, B
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1(b) any two from:
myriapods ;
insects ;
arachnids ;
1(c) (vertebrates) have a backbone / don’t have an exoskeleton ;
Question 2:
(a) Fig. 2.1 is a photomicrograph of human blood.
(i) Use the information in Fig. 2.1 to complete Table 2.1 by stating one function for each cell.
(ii) State the name of the component of blood that transports the cells shown in Fig. 2.1.
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(b) Table 2.2 shows some of the features of diffusion, osmosis and active transport.
Place ticks (3) in the boxes to show the correct features of each process.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: 2(a)(i) A: transport of oxygen / AW ;
B: phagocytosis AW / antibody production ;
2(a)(ii) plasma ;
2(b) 
Question 3:
(a) The population of leatherback turtles in one part of the Pacific Ocean was monitored over several years.
The population numbers were estimated and the results are shown in Fig. 3.1.
(i) State the year with the lowest estimated number of leatherback turtles shown in Fig. 3.1.
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(ii) Using the information in Fig. 3.1, calculate the percentage decrease in the number of turtles between 1988 and 1994.
Space for working.
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(b) One reason for the decrease in population numbers of leatherback turtles is pollution by discarded rubbish such as plastics.
State two ways in which the amount of plastic pollution can be reduced.
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(c) Suggest other factors, apart from pollution, that can lead to a decrease in the population of leatherback turtles.
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(d) Plastic is a non-sustainable resource that is made from fossil fuels.
Complete the sentence to define a sustainable resource.
A sustainable resource is one which is …………………………………….. as rapidly as it is removed from the environment so that it does not …………………………………….. .
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: 3(a)(i) 2004 ;
3(a)(ii) 60 (%) ;;
3(b) any two from:
recycling (used plastics) ;
(named example of) reuse of (existing plastics) ;
AVP ; e.g. reducing the amount of plastics manufactured / avoid single
use plastics / use alternatives e.g. paper straws
3(c) any three from:
habitat destruction ;
(increase in) predation / AW ;
(increase in) hunting (by humans) / poaching ;
introduction of a new (competitive) species ;
disease ;
climate change / global warming / enhanced greenhouse effect ;
tourism ;
lack of food ;
less reproduction / infertility ;
AVP ; e.g. raiding or disturbing nest sites / entanglement in fishing gear
3(d) produced / replaced ;
run out ;
Question 4:
(a) Fig. 4.1 shows the structure of a human tooth.
Complete Fig. 4.1 by labelling the parts, in the spaces provided, using words from the list.
dentine enamel gum nerves pulp
(b) State the names of two types of human teeth.
1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Describe the causes of dental decay.
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(d) Describe two ways of caring for teeth.
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(e) State the type of digestion that teeth are involved in.
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▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: 4(a) diagram labelled in this order:
enamel pulp
dentine nerves
gum
4(b) any two from:
canine ;
incisor ;
pre-molar ;
molar ;
4(c) any three from:
(coating of) bacteria and food / plaque, on teeth ;
bacteria respire (the sugars in food) ;
(bacteria produce) acid ;
dissolves, enamel / dentine ;
4(d) any two from:
brush (teeth) / use of toothpaste / flossing ;
reduction in consumption of sugary, food / drink ;
visits to dentist ;
adequate, vitamin D / calcium, consumption OR fluorination of water ;
4(e) mechanical ;
Question 5:
(a) Fig. 5.1 is a diagram of some of the organs involved in the production and release of urine.
Draw an X on Fig. 5.1 to identify the position of the bladder.
(b) A scientist recorded the volume of urine released by different species of mammal during a 24-hour period.
The scientist collected urine from five individuals of each species of mammal.
The highest and lowest volumes of urine released were recorded to give a range for each species of mammal.
Table 5.1 shows the results.
(i) State the species of mammal that released the lowest volume of urine in Table 5.1.
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(ii) State the species of mammal that has the largest range shown in Table 5.1.
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(c) Explain why the volume of urine produced in humans can vary throughout the day.
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(d) Urine contains urea, excess water and excess ions.
The list shows some organs.
kidney liver ureter
urethra vagina
(i) State the name of the organ from the list that produces urea.
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(ii) State the name of the organ from the list that excretes urea.
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(e) State the name of the gas that is excreted through the lungs.
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▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: 5(a) X drawn on the bladder ;
5(b)(i) C ;
5(b)(ii) B ;
5(c) any three from:
(urine volume depends on) water intake and,
temperature / exercise / sweating ;
an increase in water intake will increase the (volume of) urine ;
an increase in temperature will decrease the (volume of) urine ;
exercise will decrease the (volume of) urine ;
5(d)(i) liver ;
5(d)(ii) kidney ;
5(e) carbon dioxide ;
Question 6:
Respiration occurs in all living organisms.
(a) State the name of the product of anaerobic respiration in humans.
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(b) (i) Table 6.1 shows the energy released during the aerobic and anaerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose in humans.
Calculate the difference in energy released between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
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(ii) State the word equation for aerobic respiration.
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(c) Biofuels can be made from ethanol which is a type of alcohol.
Ethanol is produced during anaerobic respiration in yeast.
The volume of biofuels produced by seven countries was measured.
Fig. 6.1 shows the percentage of biofuels produced by each country.
The countries are labelled A to G.
(i) Complete the sentences to describe the results shown in Fig. 6.1.
Country …………………………………….. produces the largest percentage of biofuels.
Countries ……………………………………….. and ……………………………………….. produce the smallest percentages of biofuels.
Country E produces twice as much biofuel as country …………………………………….. .
(ii) State the name of one product of anaerobic respiration in yeast, other than alcohol.
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(iii) State one use by humans of anaerobic respiration in yeast, other than to produce biofuels.
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▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: 6(a) lactic acid / lactate ;
6(b)(i) 2754 (kJ) ;
6(b)(ii) glucose + oxygen ; → carbon dioxide + water ;
6(c)(i) 
6(c)(ii) carbon dioxide ;
6(c)(iii) bread-making / AVP ;
Question 7:
(a) Fig. 7.1 is a photomicrograph of pollen from an insect-pollinated plant.
Describe two ways the pollen from a wind-pollinated plant differs from the type of pollen shown in Fig. 7.1.
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(b) Fig. 7.2 is a diagram of a section through an insect-pollinated flower.
On Fig. 7.2:
• draw an X to show where fertilisation occurs
• circle the part where pollination occurs
• draw a label line and label the part that produces pollen with the correct name.
(c) Plants grow from seeds.
State two conditions required for the germination of seeds.
1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Xylem tissue is used for transport and support in plants.
Describe how the structure of xylem tissue is adapted for these functions.
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▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: 7(a) any two from:
smooth(er) / AW ;
small(er) ;
light(er) ;
more pollen ;
7(b) X drawn on the ovary ;
stigma circled ;
label line to anther ;
correct labelling as anther ;
7(c) any two from:
suitable temperature ;
water / moisture ;
oxygen ;
7(d) any three from:
dead / empty, cells ;
no cytoplasm ;
no, end / cross, walls OR (long) continuous tube ;
thick / strong, walls ;
ref. to lignin ;
Question 8:
Table 8.1 shows the levels of organisation in living organisms and some examples.
Place ticks ( √) in the boxes to show the correct level of organisation for each example.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans:
Question 9:
(a) Fig. 9.1 contains some information about a reflex action.
(i) State the name of the stimulus from the example given in Fig. 9.1.
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(ii) State the name of the effector from the example given in Fig. 9.1.
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(iii) State the names of the two parts of the central nervous system.
1 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Fig. 9.2 shows diagrams of three types of neurones.
State the names of the three types of neurones on the lines provided in Fig. 9.2.
(c) State the name given to the junction between two neurones.
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▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: 9(a)(i) (change in) temperature / heat / hot pan ;
9(a)(ii) muscles ;
9(a)(iii) brain ;
spinal cord ;
9(b) motor (neurone) ; relay (neurone) ; sensory (neurone) ;
9(c) synapse ;