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Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
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Atomic Structure
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Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
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States of Matter
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Thermodynamics
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Chemical and Ionic Equilibrium
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Redox Reactions
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Hydrogen
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S – Block Elements (Alkali & Alkaline Earth Metals)
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p-Block Elements – Boron Family
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p-Block Elements – Carbon Family
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Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques
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Hydrocarbons
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Environmental Chemistry
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Solid State
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Solutions
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Electrochemistry
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Chemical Kinetics
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Surface Chemistry
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General Principles & Processes of Isolation of Elements
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p-Block Elements (Group 15, 16, 17 and 18)
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d & f-Block Elements
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Coordination Compounds
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Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
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Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
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Aldehydes , Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
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Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
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Biomolecules
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Polymers
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Chemistry in Everyday Life
Notes and Study Materials -Hydrocarbons
About this unit
Alkanes- Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis.
Alkenes-Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation: chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition. Alkynes-Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of- hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water.
Aromatic hydrocarbons- Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; Benzene; resonance, aromaticity; chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution- Nitration sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation; directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene; carcinogenicity and toxicity.
HYDROCARBONS
SATURATED HYDROCARBONS, PARAFFINS OR ALKANES
NOMENCLATURE
ISOMERISM
OCCURRENCE
GENERAL METHODS OF PREPARATION OF ALKANES
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From unsaturated hydrocarbons : (Sabatier and Senderens reaction)
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By heating anhydrous sodium salt of fatty acid with soda lime (Lab method).
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By reduction of alkyl halides with nascent hydrogen.
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Wurtz synthesis :
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By Frankland’s method :
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From Grignard’s reagent :
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Kolbe’s electrolytic method :
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By Clemmensen reduction : From carbonyl compounds
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By Wolf. Kishner reduction : From Carbonyl compounds
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By Berthelot’s reaction :
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From metal carbides :
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From carbon monoxide
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By reduction of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids :
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Corey-House alkane synthesis :
PROPERTIES
CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS, OLEFINS OR ALKENES
NOMENCLATURE
ISOMERISM
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Chain Isomerism
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Position Isomerism
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Ring Chain Isomerism
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Geometrical Isomerism
GENERAL METHODS OF PREPARATIONS OF ALKENES
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By dehydration of alcohols :
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By Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl halides.
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Dehydrohalogenation and dehydration follows Saytzeff’s rule (Hydrogen is removed from C-atom containing lesser number of H-atoms or more substituted alkene is formed)
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More substituted alkenes are more stable.
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Ease of dehydrohalogenation 3° > 2° > 1°.
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Ease of dehydrohalogenation : Iodides > Bromides > Chlorides
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By dehalogenation of vicinal halides :
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By dehalogenation of gem. halides :
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By electrolysis of Sodium or potassium salt of succinic acid or its derivatives
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By partial reduction of alkynes :
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Decomposition of quaternary ammonium hydroxide:
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By cracking of alkanes :
PROPERTIES
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ALKYNES OR ACETYLENES
NOMENCLATURE
Formula
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Common Name
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Derived name
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IUPAC name
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CH ☰ CH
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Acetylene
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Acetylene
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Ethyne
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CH3C ☰ CH
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Allylene
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Methyl acetylene
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Propyne
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CH3C ☰ C– CH3
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Cretonylene
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Dimethyl acetylene
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But-2-yne
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ISOMERISM
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Chain Isomerism
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Position Isomerism
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Functional Isomerism
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Ring chain Isomerism
GENERAL METHODS OF PREPARATION
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By dehydrohalogenation of vicinal halides
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By dehydrohalogenation of gem halides
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By dehalogenation of tetrahalides
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From lower alkynes
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Kolbe’s electrolytic method
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From haloform
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Acetylene from calcium carbide (wohler’s reaction)
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Berthlot’s reaction
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From methane :
PROPERTIES
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS, BENZENE C6H6
PREPARATION
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From acetylene :
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From benzoic acid :
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From Phenol :
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From Chlorobenzene :
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From benzene sulphonic acid :
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From benzene diazonium chloride :
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From Petroleum : n-hexane fraction of petroleum
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From light-oil fraction of Coal tar
PROPERTIES
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Open chain structures proposed.
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Ring structure by Kekule
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Two ortho di substituted derivatives
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About Stability
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Levine and Cole : Levine and Cole confirmed the presence of above structures by ozonolysis of o-Xylene and obtaining the products.
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Dimethyl glyoxal
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Methyl glyoxal and
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Glyoxal
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Ladenburg’s prism structure :
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Claus and Dewar’s structures :
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Baeyer and Armstrong’s centric structure :
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Robinson’s sixtet structure
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Thiele’s structure of partial valency
:
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Benzene and resonance : Benzene is a resonance hybrid of the following structures.
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Benzene and aromaticity : Benzene is an aromatic compound since it obeys Huckel rule of (4n + 2)p electrons. The value of n must be an integer.
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Molecular orbital structure of benzene : Each C-atom in benzene is sp2 hybridised and forms 3s bonds. The pz atomic orbitals left on each C-atom form a delocalised p-molecular orbital which stabilises the structure and renders all C-C bonds equal in length.
PETROLEUM
THEORIES OF ORIGIN
FLASH POINT
KNOCKING
OCTANE NUMBER
CETANE NUMBER
CRACKING
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Liquid Phase Cracking :
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Vapour phase Cracking :
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Cracking in presence of hydrogen :
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Carbonisation :
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Dehydrogenation :
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Polymerisation :
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Alkylation :
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Aromatisation :
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Chain Fission :
SYNTHETIC PETROL
REFORMING