CBSE Class 12 Physical Education Important Questions Chapter 9 Psychology and Sports
2 MarkS Questions
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
(2 MARK EACH)
Q.1 What is stress ?
Ans. It is the physiological and psychological changes in the body caused by an event which create the situation of fight or flight, is called stress. Stress disturbs the normal physical or mental health of a person.
Q.2 What do you mean by anxiety ?
Ans. Anxiety is an unpleasant feeling related with uneasy fear or worry. Anxiety is a chronic fear that limits our ability to carry out normal function.
Q.3 What do you understand by coping ?
Ans. Coping is the way to deal with unfavorable situations in a better manner. It is the conscious efforts to overcome from the unsolved problem or ability to tolerate unfavorable condition.
Q.4 Define Personality.
Ans. The word personality is derived from Latin word ‘persona’ meaning ‘mask’. According to Guildford – “Personality is of an individual’s unique pattern of traits.
Q.5 Define Motivation.
Ans. The word Motivation is derived from a Latin word “movere” meaning “to change, to move”. It means it is the inner urge of an individual to achieve the goal.
Q.6 What do you mean by self-esteem.
Ans. It is a variety of believes of a person about himself/herself about appearance, belief, pride, triumph and behaviour. Self-esteem is now you value or respect yourself as a person.
Q.7 What do you understand by body – Image ?
Ans. Body Image means how a person feels and think about his/her own body. One’s body image is the resultant of ones own personal experiences.
Q.8 Write two techniques of motivation.
Ans. Motivation plays an important role in enhancement of sports performance. There are two techniques of motivation
(1) Goal Settings
(2) Positive Self talk
3 Mark Questions
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION [80 TO 90 WORDS] –
(3 MARKS EACH)
Q.1 Discuss about the types of motivation.
Or
Discuss extrinsic & intrinsic motivation in sports.
Ans. There are two types of motivation in sports
(i) Intrinsic or internal or within motivation
(ii) Extrinsic or outer or external motivation
Intrinsic Motivation – Intrinsic motivation means, motivation within individuals. It is natural. In this kind of motivation force comes from within onself. This motivation in sports can be seen as to get social approval, to display superiority, for enjoyment, satisfaction, to show mastry over skills etc. are the examples.
Extrinsic Motivation – It is known as external factor or force which compel the sportsperson to do something. It may be positive or negativen nature. Extrinsic motivation plays on important role in games and sports to enhance the performance or in acquisition of new learning. They are as reward, praise, blame, punishment or cash prize in sports.
Q.2 What do you mean by positive and negative body Image ?
Or
What are the types of body image ?
Ans. Positive body image means now we feel and look about our body in a positive and healthy image. Physical Traits are not important like thin, tall, robust etc. or how we look from outside. But it is important in positive body image, how we feel about our body and what we can do. We feel confident and comfortable in terms of our body Image. Negative body image is nothing but ones unhealthy and unpleasant feeling about himself/herself. It is related with ones desire to change his/ her body image like – shape, weight, size, etc. One doesn’t feel confident and comfortable in terms of his/her body image.
Q.3 Discuss about the effect of stress on an individual in brief.
Or
What are the positive and negative aspects of stress in games and sports.
Ans. Stress is an individual’s perception of an event. The perceptions of a stress differs from individual to individual. Stress can cause headache, allergies, cold, asthama, hypertension, backache, fatigue, diabetes, etc. The intensity of perception of stress may lead to death. It also weakens the immunity power of the body. When we fail to face stressful situation the physical symptoms like, tension in muscle, anxiety, dizziness, fast heart beat, sweating, fear, etc. can occur. The effect of stress are always not negative can be but positive also optimum level of stress may enhance the performace of a sportsman. Sports psychologists suggest that moderate dose of stress is essential for a sports man while performing.
Q.4 Write down any 3 techniques of anxiety management.
Ans. Three techniques of anxiety management are-
(i) Meditation – Meditation is the one the most ancient techniques for anxiety management. This technique is mostly used during competition time. We can sit comfortably and relax our body by using relaxing words like – ‘our’.
(ii) Stop Negative Thinking – Negative thinking like – ‘I can’t do’, ‘opponent is much more stronger’, ‘everything will go wrong’ can affect the performance of a sports person use should always think positive like – ‘I can do’ or ‘we can do better’ for anxiety management.
(iii) Switch over the situation – When we feel anxiety we should change or switch over from the disturbed state. We should talk with our team mates, should read motivational books, should talk with coach or listen music.
Q.5 What are the types of stress ?
Ans. Stress is body’s response to an event or situation which are produced by physiological and psychological changes in the body stress is of two types-
(i) Acute Stress – This type of stress can be seen commonly in day to day life. In sports running and doing excercises are considered as an acute stress. Horse riding, riding on a roller-coaster is an example of acute stress. But these stresses are followed by a pleasant feeling. This kind of stress is very important for games and sports.
(ii) Chronic Stress – If a stressful situation continues over a long period of time, it is called chronic stress. It is just opposite from acute stress. It affects the performance of a sportsman, like – memory loss, deteriorated reflexes, psychosomatic disorder, physiological unbalance, etc.
Q.6 How can one learn to manage stressful situations through games and sports.
Or
Write any three techniques to mange stress.
Ans.
. 
(i) Recreational Activities – Through participation in games and sports or recreational activities use can avoid the stress. Aerobic excercises are very helpful for reducing stress. Through participation in games and sports our body releases some syndromes which helps to reduce stress.
(ii) Outdoor Activity – Outdoor activities are like camping trekking rock climbing are the best examples for stress management. These activities are helpful to learn new skills to handle stressful situations of life.
(iii) Relaxation Technique – Through participation in games and sports we can relax our body and mind. There are other techniques of relaxation in games and sports like – deep breathing, massage, pranayam, etc.
Q7. What are the factors influencing body image and self-esteem.
Ans.
Following are the factors influencing body image and self-esteem- The body type or physical traits of an individual is the most important factor which influence the body image and self esteem. Most of the teenagers specially girls want to loose weight and be thinner where as the boys want to be tall and have more muscles. Sometimes family members may critisize about their body image which affects the self-esteem.
Post experiences, like due to natural aging process, we name different feelings about are body and self esteem. Psychological factors like motivation, personality, interest, attitude, emotions, conflicts, learning skills affect the body image.
Through participation in games and sports use can develop our physical fitness, psychological development, social and mental development which helps to improve our body image and self-esteem.
5 Marks Questions
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION (150 TO 200 WORDS) –
(5 MARKS EACH)
Q.1 What are the coping strategies used in games & sports?
Or
Through participation in games & sports one learns to cope up with day to day life. Discuss.
Or
What are problem focused coping strategies and emotion focused coping strategies.
Ans. Through participation in physical education and sports one become capable to come out from various self created problems, Environmental (Surrounding) created problem and various psychological and physiological stain.
There are two type of coping strategies –
1. Problem focused strategies –
While participating in games & sports a sports person faces different types of situation with their team – mates coach surrounding. Problem focusing strategies depends upon the level of adjustment of individual to individual Its aim is to change or eliminate the source of stress.
2. Emotion focused coping strategies:-
These strategies are directly related with the sportsman’s feeling, or negative thought linked with stress as anxiety, fear, excitement, trustration, depression. By using these strategies one become capable to tackle the feeling of distress.
Through participation in games and sports we can develop the individual qualities as physical development, mental development physical fitness, cultural development leadership qualities, Healthy & safety habits, Democratic value, construction of leisure time, creativity, economic values, mental relaxation, national integration, citizen qualities, character development, personal adjustment, which helps to cope up with day to day life.
Q.2 What are the types of personalities and explain one of them with it’s importance in physical education and sports.
Ans. The word personality is derived from a latin word ‘persona’, which means ‘mask’. Personality is a by product of psychological, sociological and physical traits of an individual. Personality is nothing but cognition, motivation, emotions and behavior of an individual in different situations.
There are following types of personalities in games and sports
1. Endomorphic – A person of such personality is flokky, soft fat, happy, outgoing, rolly polly and who are found to fool easy going, slow in reaction and sociable. It is also called eiscerotonic. In games and sports these type of personality can prove better in strength dominant sports.
2. Mesomorphic – A person of such personality having well developed body, assertic, athletic build, bold and risk taking who is adventurous courageous and having a linking with physical activity. It is also called somatotomic. In games e’ sports these type of personality can prove better in team games, like football, hockey etc.
Ectomorphic – A person of such personality having weak and delicate body type. They are reserve, anxious pessimistic, studious, tense, introvert. This also called cerbrotonic.
In games and sports these type of personality can prove better in endurance dominant sports, like – athletics. At last you can say that these types of personalities have great importance in games and sports to chose and perform in different sports activities.
Q.3 How motivation of a sports person affect games and sports and how games and sports can influence one’s motivation.
Or
What is the importance of motivation is games and sports?
Ans. Excellence in sports cannot be achieved overnight. In games and sports an athelete has to face many challenges such as psychological pressure, fatigue, stress – strain, mood disturbances. It is only highly motivated athelete who perform their best at the time of competition. It can beshown in the form of an equation –
Learning + Motivation = Performance
Only learning of tactics, techniques, physical training are not adequate to perform in a competition. Study shows that in games sports motivation is a prominent factor which energies and direct the performance motivation help in setting the goal and helps in channelising their energy to achieve these goals. It can be intrinsic or extrinsic kind of motivation like-reward, price, blame cash prize, enjoyment, satisfaction or to show mastery own skill.
It is very important for the coach to know, what will motivate his/her sports person to take part in games and sports in the first step towards effective performance. There are several factors which effect the performance of athelete but its only motivation which gives shape to the performance.
Optimum level of motivation is essential for effective performance. But such level of motivation differs from person to person.
For eg- If an athelete is well motivated, but he need a systematic and scientific programme to direct his/her motivation. At last we can say optimum motivation can effect games and sports and through participation in games influence the motivation of an athelete.
Q.4 What are the dimensions of personality?
Ans. There are four dimensions of personality in games and sports.
Physical dimension – The word physical itself the meaning of body structure or the physique as the primary aspect of humour personality here duty has a very important sole for the development of this aspect of personality. But appropriate environment is also required for development of this dimension physical dimension of personality means how we look, height, weight, etc.
Mental and intellectual dimension – A person is known by his mind and body and cannot survive effectively in absence of one part. How we react and response quickly to any situation or event in games and sports, entirely depends upon our mental and intellectual dimension of personality. It help in learning new skills, adjust in new circumstances.
Social dimension – An individual lakes part in games and sports to satisfy or gain social value like status power, affection inherent attitude, tendency, interest and capabilities. He has to modify his behaviour to follow the rules, customs and tradition of society.
Emotional dimension – Emotions play a great role in games and sports. Emotions are personal in nature and differ in nature from person to person. Every child responses differently as they have different emotions. The above dimension of personality helps to select different sports according to their nature, built, temperament etc.
Q.5 How one’s personality can be developed through participation in games & sports.
Or
“Games and sports have a major Impact on one’s personality” Discuss.
Ans. Personality is nothing but the way we look, the way we talk, the way we walk, our appearance, the way we adjust, the way we think, the way we handle situations.
Through participation in games and sports or regular exercise we can develop the components of physical fitness like – strength, speed, endurance, feasibility and coordinative ability.
Through participation in games and we learn to coordinate the muscular and neruous system, we learn quick and effective movement with athelete heart and efficient respiratory system function all the internal organs become efficient and smoothly.
Through participation in games and sports, we warm the skill, rules, techniques and strategies and how to interpretate them in a new situation effectively. We learn healthy habits which improve mental development. We learn how to handle our emotions in different situations.
Through games and sports we develop the social qualities of an individual like-adjustment, cooperation, leadership, respect, national integration, discipline, determination. Hence we can say that games & sports play a vital role in personality development of an individual.
Q.6 What are the techniques of motivation which helps to enhance the performance of an athelete in games & sports.
Ans. In games and sports performance does not depends upon a single factor. The performance of an athelete directly depends upon his/her coach, the environment in which he or she took training, his personal and social dimension, and the most important factor is motivation.
Following are the techniques used in games & sports by an athelete and his/her coach.
In games and sports the technique used by an athelete is of two types – Internal and external. In internal is techniques he/she set their goals, display superiority, show mastery our the skill and satisfaction. He/she is well motivated by reward, praise.
The most important factor in games and sports is coach the whole training and coaching revalues around the coach. Coach must know his/ her athelete, athelete’s background, their attitude, past experiences and individual differences. He must act as a motivator.
External factors like competition, proper equipment, well maintained environment like grounds, fields, court play an important motivation techniques in games & sports. scholarship and social recognition like Arjun award, Dronacharya award etc. are motivation techniques to motivate an athelete at national and international level. The above techniques are very helpful in motivating sportspersons.
Q7. What are the Psychological benefits of exercises?
Or
How a sportsperson becomes psychologically strong through participations in games and sports?
Ans. Psychology is directly related with the behaviour of the sportsperson. Through participation in games and sports or doing exercises benefits the sportsperson in following ways:-
Mainly we are discussing here the psychological benefits of games & sports. When we start participating in games and sports, we learn body awareness Coordination, Body control and balancing sense and it builds our body image, confidence and increases our self-esteem. One gets to know about his/her abilities and capabilities and starts setting his/her goals in games and sports. Through participation in games & sports, one learns to manage stressful situations and anxiety. Doing exercises and preparing for competitions, one becomes mentally tough, gains positive attitude and gets motivated for competition.
After losing or running, a sportsman learns to cope up with different kinds of situations. Through participation in games & sports one learn how to rehabilitate after the injury. These are the psychological benefits of exercises for a sportsman while competing and also help a person lead a healthy and normal life.
Physical Education Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 11 Psychology and Sports
1 Mark Questions
Question 1.
What is sports psychology?
OR
Define sports psychology.
Answer:
Sports psychology is that branch of psychology which is intimately connected with human F behaviour on the playfield, both under practice and competitive situations, with a view to bring about qualitative improvement in performance and maintain the same even during the stresses of competition.
Question 2.
Define personality.
Answer:
According to Ogburn and Nimkoff, “The totality of sentiments, attitude, idea, habits, skills and behaviours of an individual is personality.
Question 3.
What are coping strategies?
Answer:
Coping strategies are a conscious effort to solve personal and interpersonal problems. They are of two types problem-focused coping . and emotion-focused coping.
Question 4.
What do you understand by aggression in sports?
Answer:
In sports, aggression means the desire to harm another player which is not within the laws of the game. For example, pushing another player over a game in football or using abusive language for other players or teams,
Question 5.
What is motivation?
Answer:
Motivation means to be inspired to do something a process through which an individual is inspired or stimulated to act in a particular fashion or manner towards a particular direction.
Question 6.
What are the types of motivation?
Answer:
There are two types of motivation
- Internal or intrinsic motivation
- External or extrinsic motivation
Question 7.
What is intrinsic motivation? Delhi 2016
Answer:
This motivation is within an individual and guides him to perform better. It is based upon needs, interest, nature, emotions, social needs etc.
Question 8.
How extrinsic’motivation may sometimes kill intrinsic motivation? (CBSE Model Question Paper 2015)
Answer:
Extrinsic motivation may kill intrinsic motivation sometimes because the physical appearance of something has more influence on the mind of an athlete.
3 Marks Questions
Question 9.
What is the importance of sports psychology?
Answer:
The importance of sports psychology can be understood from the following’points
- It analyses the behaviour of sportsmen.
- It identifies talent for specific sport’s.
- It creates a better learning situation.
- It stabilises the performance of a sportsperson for a longer period.
- It is important from the research point of view.
- It encourages the players to make a comeback in professional sports.
Question 10.
Explain any two techniques to manage stress.
Answer:
Two techniques to manage stress are –
- Aim to Exercise Regularly Exercise dissipates the adrenaline that builds up in stressful situations and leaves us with a feeling or sense of achievement and control.
- Eat Healthy Ensure that you are getting adequate vitamins and minerals in your diet. One recommendation that very few of us manage to follow is to eat 5 servings of fruit and vegetables every day.
Question 11.
What are the types of personality as given by Sheldon?
Answer:
The personality types on the basis of physical attributes are given by William Herbert Sheldon. These are as follows
- Endomorph The endomorph is physically quite round, with wide hips, narrow shoulders, which makes them pear-shaped. Lot of fat is spread across the body. They are sociable, fun-loving, tolerant, even-tempered, good-humoured, relaxed and love food.
- Ectomorph They are quite the opposite of endomorph. They have narrow shoulders and hips, thin, narrow face, high forehead, thin, narrow chest and very little body fat. They are self-conscious, private, introvert, socially anxious, intense, emotionally restrained and thoughtful.
- Mesomorph They are somewhere between endomorph and ectomorph. They have large head, broad shoulders, narrow waist (wedge-shaped), muscular body, strong limbs and little body fat. They are well proportioned. They are adventurous, courageous, assertive, bold, competitive, with a desire to dominate, take risk, rise to power.
Question 12.
What are the personality types as formulated by Carl Jung?
Answer:
The personality type on mental basis is formulated by Carl Jung.
These are as follows
- Extroverts Have more self-confidence, take more interest in others, are outgoing, lively and realistic. They are very social and form friends quite easily. Actors, social and political leaders etc belong to this group.
- Introverts Are too self-conscious, more interested in their own thoughts and ideas, self-centred, shy, reserved and lovers of solitude. They do not make friends easily and keep in the background on social occasions. Philosophers, poets, artists and scientists belong to this class.
- Ambiverts Doubting whether people can be divided into these two extremes, he put most of the people in this category and they have been labelled as ‘ambiverts.’ The ambiverts are a mixture of both the extremes in a balanced manner. Ambiverts are neither outgoing nor reserved to themselves. They are able to adjust themselves to any situation.
Question 13.
Explain the type of aggression in sports.
Answer:
There are two types of aggression in sports
- Instrumental Aggression It is a type of aggression in which behaviour is directed at the target as a means to an end. For example, injuring a player to gain a competitive advantage or stopping an opponent from scoring.
- Hostile Aggression It is a type of aggression in which behaviour is aimed toward another person who has angered or provoked the individual and is an end in itself. For example, hitting an opponent who has just been aggressive against the player. It is generally proceeded by anger.
Question 14.
Explain two techniques of motivation.
Answer:
Two techniques of motivation are
- Level of Aspiration/ Goal Setting As we know that achieving performance goals is a sign of competence that affects motivation positively, it is necessary to set realistic goals based on one’s own abilities.
- Identifying Incentive Factors If an athlete perceives that any particular kind of experiences are available to him in a given sport and he feels that these will be pleasant, enjoyable or satisfying, then he will choose to participate in that game or sport and not any other.
Question 15.
Explain goal setting as a technique of motivation in brief. CBSE 2012
Answer:
Goal setting technique is one of the most important techniques of motivation. If you do not set a goal, you cannot achieve an apex position in life. A person should set goals according to one’s capabilities on a regular basis. Coaches should not be too rigid while setting goals for a sportsperson. There should be some flexibility in their approach.
Question 16.
What is meant by motivation? Explain the different techniques of motivation for higher achievement in sports. All India 2017
Answer:
Motivation is a process through which an individual is inspired or stimulated to act in a particular fashion or manner towards a particular direction.
Techniques of motivation for higher achievement in sports are
- Knowing Your Athlete Each athlete comes from a different background with varied experiences and having different degrees of maturity.
- Level of Aspiration/ Goal Setting As we know that achieving performance goals is a sign of competence that affects motivation positively, it is necessary to set realistic goals based on one’s own abilities.
- Identifying Incentive Factors If an athlete perceives that any particular kind of experiences are available to him in a given sport and he feels that these will be pleasant, enjoyable or satisfying, then he will choose to participate in that game or, sport and not any other.
5 Marks Questions
Question 17.
Define sports psychology and elucidate its importance in the field of sports.
Answer:
Sports psychology is that branch of psychology which is intimately connected with human behaviour on the playfield, both under practice and competitive situations, with a view to bring about qualitative improvement in performance and maintain the same even during the stresses of competition.
Importance of sports psychology is due to
- Analysing the Behaviour of Sportsmen Performance of a player depends upon the behaviours which are influenced by various factors such as sex differences, family conditions, personal background, heredity, growth, physical and mental maturity levels etc.
- Identifying Talent for Specific Sports Every sport has specific psychological demands e.g. boxing requires more aggressiveness, whereas archery and shooting require more concentration.
- Stabilising the Performance for Longer Period It helps in stabilising the performance of a player for a longer period. Then the performance of the player largely depends upon his psychological makeup and anxiety level.
- Important from Research Point of View Sports psychologists work in very close proximity to coaches to uplift the erformance of players. Research findings help in promotion of sports and games.
- Encouraging the Players to Make a Comeback in Professional Sports Sports psychology encourages the players, who, due to injury or some accident, are forced to take a long break from their professional career, to return to their sport.
Question 18.
Explain the structure of personality.
Describe the role of sports in developing the personality, (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
The word personality is derived from Latin word persona meaning the mask. In ancient Greece, the actors used to wear masks to hide their identities while portraying their roles in a theatrical play.
To an ordinary person the word personality conveys the meaning of one’s physical appearance, his habits, his ways of dressing, his reputation, his manners and other similar characteristics.
So, personality basically reveals the psychological make-up of ah individual through his behaviour. In fact, it is the quality of a person’s total behaviour. Physical activities and sports play an important role in the development of personality of an individual.
One of the primary and apparent aspects of one’s personality is one’s physical appearance. Children, as well as adults, boys as well as girls, all, are very much concerned about how they look. Physical activities are conducive to the growth and development of the physique. Robust and athletic physique does enhance one’s personality. Poise, grace, agility and the manner one carries oneself have a great impact on one’s personality.
Question 19.
Participation in sport results in the all-round development of personality. Justify.
Answer:
Games and sports are essential for the all- round development of personality.
It is by participating in games and sports that we can develop and maintain our health, keep our body alert, active, youthful and energetic. Participation increases blood circulation and we get an increased supply of oxygen. This makes a person healthier. Only a healthy person can work long, hard and cheerfully.
An unhealthy person may not take as much interest in work. Games and sports have additional benefits to exercise as they are played in groups and in a healthy competitive spirit.
Among many other things, they help develop cooperation, quality of leadership, team spirit and a willingness to submit to, and further, the rule of law. Games instil in participants the spirit of self-reliance, justice, fair play and sporting spirit. They make people bold, adventurous, social, disciplined and more conscious of their responsibilities towards society and the nation. People participating regularly in games and sports have been found better equipped to fight superstitions, communalism, obscurantism and a narrow approach to issues of national interest.
Games also help in overcoming feelings of violence, arrogance and superiority as these are purged by providing them a sufficient outlet through them. A sportsperson may not lose his or her temper and morale even in the face of defeat because he/she would take it coolly, calmly and then would try to perform better the next time.
Players know that victory and defeat are two aspects of the same coin. There is more joy in playing than in its end result. Thus, participation in sport results in the all-round development of personality.
Question 20.
Define stress. How stress can be tackled by the players? (CBSE Model Question Paper 2015)
Answer:
Stress can be defined as a physical, mental or emotional demand, which tends to disturb the homeostasis of the body.” Stress is experienced when individuals feel that they cannot cope with a situation with which they are presented.
If athletes are in a stressful situation, then their athletic performance will be affected. This stress may arise because of commitments in the areas of work, study, sports, family and social life. When commitments in a number of areas coincide, then stress can arise. By proper planning, the stress can be tackled or reduced. Some steps can be taken to reduce stress.
These are
- Exercise Regularly Regular exercise can control stressful situation.
- Eat Healthy Balanced diet enriched with vitamins and minerals should be taken.
- Get Enough Sleep Get enough sleep for proper rest and sleeping hours may vary person to person.
- Accept Mistake and Set Realistic Goals Learn from mistakes and set realistic achievable goals.
- Knowing your Own Strength and Weakness Accept your own drawbacks and strength and plan the action according to it.
- Better Time Management Better time management saves time and helps to pre-plan the programme which ultimately can reduce stress.
Following these steps, a player can easily tackle stress in his life.
Value-Based Question
Question 21.
Your friend is under a lot of stress as he is not able to take even a single wicket in cricket match series. Suggest ways by which you can help him to come out of stress.
Answer:
There are two ways by which I can help him to come out of stress. First is by adopting a problem-focused coping strategy, in which I will ask him to find the root cause of his problem such as to check the bowling speed, pace, style and length of delivery. Then suggest him to find out ways of improving it. For this, he can take help of his coach. Second is by adopting the emotion-focused coping strategy.
Here I will ask him to disengage from that situation by doing some new activity or simply relaxing, watching TV, take him to movies, listen to music etc.
1 Mark Questions
Question.1. What is anxiety? [CBSE2013]
Answer. Anxiety is a disturbed state of the body or an unrealistic and unpleasant state of body and mind. It,is accompanied by nervousness, restlessness, increased heart rate, sweating, drying of the mouth, apprehension of danger, fear and rapid shallow breathing.
Question.2. What is ethics in sports?
Answer. Ethics is a branch or subdiscipline of philosophy called axiology, the study of values. Ethics in sports means to have an ideal conduct and knowledge of good and evil and what should be done and not to be done by a person.
Ethical behaviour in sports includes:
- sportsmanship
- good character
- fair play
- cooperative and self- disciplined behaviour
Question.3. What is sports psychology?
Or
Define sports psychology.
Answer. Sports psychology is the branch of applied psychology which deals with sports performance and the behaviour of a player during training/competitions.
Question.4.What is motivation?
Answer.Motivation means to be inspired to do something. It is a kind of inner force which energises a person to make constant effort.
Question.5.What are the types of motivation?
Answer.(i) Internal or natural (intrinsic) motivation.
(ii) External or artificial (extrinsic) motivation
Question.6.Define anxiety in one sentence.
Answer.Anxiety is a chronic fear that limits our ability to carry out normal functions.
Question.7.What is intrinsic motivation?
Answer.This motivation is within an individual and guides him to perform better. It is based upon needs, interest, nature, emotions, social needs etc.
Question.8.What are the causes and symptoms of anxiety in sports?
Answer.Causes:
- Genetics
- Brain chemistry
- Environmental factors
- Stress
Symptoms:
- Feeling restlessness
- Muscular tension
- Nervousness
- Headache
- Increased BP
- Confusion
Question.9.How extrinsic motivation may sometimes kill intrinsic motivation?
Answer.Extrinsic motivation may kill intrinsic motivation sometimes because the physical appearance of something has more influence on the mind of an athlete.
Question.10.What do you understand by self-esteem?
Answer.Self-esteem means how you value and respect yourself as a person. It is the real opinion you have of yourself. It impacts how you take care of yourself physically, emotionally and spiritually.
3 Marks Questions
Question.11. Explain any three causes of anxiety.
Answer. The various causes of anxiety are (any three):
- Uncertainty about Result Competitions provide challenge and stimulation. It is in the field of unpredictability. The outcome is not known. One is under pressure for one’s achievements.
- Level of Competition The more important the contest, the greater is the stress or level of anxiety for that particular competition.
- Expectations of Spectators The spectators have a huge role or impact on how athletes feel. The expectations are more when it is a home venue.
- Possibility of Getting Hurt This can be a source of anxiety, especially in games like boxing, martial arts, gymnastics etc because the chances of injury are more.
- Expectations of Success Some athletes take up the challenge and are psyched up to perform better and get success, whereas some are not coming upto the expectations and are psyched-out, which causes failure.
Question.12. Explain goal setting as a technique of motivation in brief. [CBSE 2012]
Answer. Goal setting technique is one of the most important techniques of motivation. If you do not set a goal, you cannot achieve an apex position in life. A person should set goals according to one’s capabilities on a regular basis. Coaches should not be too rigid while setting goals for a sportsperson. There should be some flexibility in their approach.
Question.13. Explain two techniques of motivation.
Answer. Two techniques of motivation are:
- Goal Setting Sportsmen should be encouraged to set a few ambitious but achievable long-term as well as medium-term goals, e.g. if a person wants to get a good position or a medal in Olympic Games, he should also set the goals for getting a position in Asian or National Games.
- Elaborate Arrangement of Competition Sports persons perform better in competitions if there are elaborate arrangements of competition. However, an inexperienced sportsperson may not be able to put up a good show.
Question.14. What is the importance of sports psychology?
Answer. The importance of sports psychology can be understood from the following points:
- It analyses the behaviour of sportsmen.
- It identifies talent for specific sports.
- It creates a better learning situation.
- It stabilises the performance of a sportsperson for a longer period.
- It is important from the research point of view.
- It encourages the players to perform better.
Question.15. Explain any three techniques of motivation for higher achievement in sports.
Answer.Techniques of motivation for higher achievement in sports are
- Healthy Sports Environment A healthy sports environment plays a vital role in motivating the sportsperson. Healthy sport environment consists of proper humidity and temperature, smooth and clean sports fields, good quality of sports equipment and other facilities. .
- Positive Attitude For proper motivation, the coaches should try to encourage positive attitude among sportspersons. Players must think positively.
- Cash Prizes, Certificates and Trophies These are good incentives to sportspersons. Governments offer cash prizes to sportspersons who win.
Question.16. What is the role of anxiety in sports?
Answer. Anxiety plays an important role in sports. It is an essential ingredient of any competitive situation. Anxiety levels differ from athlete to athlete and from situation to situation. Athletes learn how to cope with stressful and competitive situations and manage anxiety with or assistance from a coach, otherwise they would not be able to give outstanding performances.
Question.17. How can you manage anxiety in sports?
Answer. Anxiety can be managed by:
- Keeping cool
- Yogic meditation
- Biofeedback
- Following a behaviour modification strategy
- Progressive relaxation breathing technique
- Somatic adjustment (control of cognitive processes)
- Guidance from a technically trained sports psychologist
Question.18. What are general sports ethics?
Answer. Sports ethics means the code of conduct of players, coaches, supervisors and administrators of various organisations. Ethics such as honesty, fairplay, obedience of rules, discipline and many moral behaviours are developed through participation.
Some common ethics related to sports are:
- Winning and losing gracefully.
- Getting recognition, name and fame without using unfair means.
- Loyalty towards his/her team, game, institution or country.
Question.19. What principles should be followed for goal setting?
Answer. Principles to be followed for goal setting are:
- Make goals specific, measurable, and observable.
- Clearly identify time constraints.
- Use moderately difficult goals; they are superior to either easy or very difficult goals.
- Write goals down and regularly monitor progress.
- Use a mix of process, performance, and outcome goals.
- Use short range goals to achieve long range goals.
- Set team as well as individual performance goals.
- Set practice as well as competition goals.
- Make sure goals are internalised by the athlete.
- Consider personality and individual differences in goal setting.
Question.20. Explain any two techniques to manage stress.
Answer. Two techniques to manage stress are:
- Participation in Physical Activities Physical exercises of moderate to high intensity, like aerobic exercises, are one of the”best methods to relieve stress. Physically fit persons are more resistant to the effects of stress than others.
- Achieve a High Level of Physical Fitness Achieving fitness is important to manage stress advantageously, while not eliminating it totally. Too little or too severe stress both lower performance in sports.
5 Marks Questions
Question.21. Define sports psychology and elucidate its importance in the field of sports.
Answer. Sports psychology is the branch of applied psychology which deals with sports performance and the behaviour of a player during training or competitions.
Importance of Sports Psychology is due to :
- Learning of Motor Skills Sports psychology plays a major role in the learning of motor skills. Motor ; skills learning depends on the dividual’s level of readiness.
- Analysing the Behaviour of Sportsmen Performance of a player depends upon the behaviours which are influenced by various factors such as sex differences, family conditions, personal background, heredity, growth, physical and mental maturity levels etc.
- Identifying Talent for Specific Sports Every sports has specific psychological demands, e.g. boxing requires more aggressiveness, whereas archery and shooting require more concentration.
- Stabilising the Performance for Longer Period It helps in stabilising the performance of a player for a longer period. Then the performance of the player largely depends upon his psychological make up and anxiety level.
- Important from Research Point of View Sports psychologists works in very close proximity to coaches to uplift the performance of players. Research findings help in promotion of sports and games.
- Encouraging the Players to Make a Comeback in Professional Sports Sports psychology encourages the players, who, due to injury or some accident, are forced to take a long break from their professional career, to return to their sport.
Question.22. What is motivation? Explain different types of motivation.
Answer. Motivation means to be inspired to do something. It is a kind of inner force which energises a man to make constant effort.
According to Crook and Stein, “Motivation is any condition that might energise and direct our action.”
Types of Motivation
There are two types of motivation:
- Intrinsic Motivation This motivation is within an individual and guides him/her to perform better. It is based upon needs, interest, nature, emotions, social need etc. It also depends upon knowledge of result, personal factor, competition zeal etc. He/she participates in sports for his/her own sake.
- Extrinsic Motivation This motivation depends upon environmental factors. It has a great impact on an individual’s performance. It is of various types like rewards, punishment, active participation, test evaluation, teaching methods, equipment and surroundings etc.
Question.23. Participation in sport results in all-round development of personality. Justify.
Answer. Games and sports are essential for the all- round development of personality. It is by participating in games and sports that we can develop and maintain our health, keep our body alert, active, youthful and energetic. Participation increases blood circulation and we get an increased supply of oxygen. This makes a person healthier. Only a healthy person can work long, hard and cheerfully. An unhealthy person may not take as much interest in work.
Games and sports have additional benefits to exercise as they are played in groups and in a healthy competitive spirit. Among many other things, they help develop cooperation, quality of leadership, team spirit and a willingness to submit to, and further, the rule of law. Games instil in participants the spirit of self-reliance, justice, fair play and sporting spirit. They make people bold, adventurous, social, disciplined and more conscious of their responsibilities towards society and the nation. People participating regularly in games and sports have been found better equipped to fight superstitions, communalism, obscurantism and a narrow approach to issues of national interest.
Games also help in overcoming feelings of violence, arrogance and superiority as these are purged by providing them a sufficient outlet through them. A sports person may not lose his or her temper and morale even in the face of defeat because he/ she would take it coolly, calmly and then would try to perform better the next time. Players know that victory and defeat are two aspects of the same coin. There is more joy in playing than in its end result. Thus, participation in sport results in all-round development of personality.