A list of substances is shown:
bauxite, carbon dioxide, cryolite, ethane, ethanol, ethene, graphite, helium, hematite, hydrogen, silicon(IV) oxide, sodium chloride
Answer the following questions using only the substances from the list. Each substance may be used once, more than once or not at all.
State which substance:
(a) is manufactured by fermentation
(b) is monatomic
(c) is a reactant in photosynthesis
(d) is a solvent in the extraction of aluminium
(e) is an ore of iron
(f) is manufactured from methane
(g) is a compound with a giant covalent structure
(h) is used as a lubricant
(i) is tested for with limewater
▶️ Answer/Explanation
(a) ethanol or carbon dioxide
Ethanol is produced by fermentation of sugars, and carbon dioxide is a byproduct of this process.
(b) helium
Helium is a noble gas that exists as single atoms (monatomic), unlike other gases which are diatomic (e.g., H₂, O₂).
(c) carbon dioxide
In photosynthesis, plants use carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen in the presence of sunlight.
(d) cryolite
Cryolite (Na₃AlF₆) is used as a solvent in the extraction of aluminium from bauxite to lower the melting point of the mixture.
(e) hematite
Hematite (Fe₂O₃) is one of the main ores of iron used in iron production.
(f) hydrogen
Hydrogen can be manufactured from methane through steam reforming or other chemical processes.
(g) silicon(IV) oxide
Silicon(IV) oxide (SiO₂) has a giant covalent structure where each silicon atom is covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms.
(h) graphite
Graphite is used as a lubricant because its layered structure allows the layers to slide over each other easily.
(i) carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is tested with limewater (calcium hydroxide solution), which turns milky/cloudy in its presence due to formation of calcium carbonate.
A list of substances is shown.
aluminium oxide carbon dioxide chlorine diamond ethanol
glucose iron(III) oxide limestone nitrogen oxygen
Answer the questions using the list of substances.
Each substance may be used once, more than once or not at all.
State which of the substances:
(a) is a reactant in photosynthesis
(b) is the main constituent of bauxite
(c) are two products of fermentation
(d) is used as a fuel
(e) is a gas used to convert iron into steel
(f) is a greenhouse gas
(g) is a gas that is approximately 78% of clean, dry air
(h) is a form of carbon
▶️ Answer/Explanation
(a) Ans: carbon dioxide
Photosynthesis uses CO₂ and water to produce glucose and oxygen.
(b) Ans: aluminium oxide
Bauxite is the primary ore of aluminium, composed mainly of Al₂O₃.
(c) Ans: ethanol and carbon dioxide
Fermentation of glucose produces ethanol and CO₂ as byproducts.
(d) Ans: ethanol
Ethanol is commonly used as a biofuel in engines and heating.
(e) Ans: oxygen
Oxygen is blown into furnaces to oxidize impurities during steelmaking.
(f) Ans: carbon dioxide
CO₂ traps heat in the atmosphere, making it a key greenhouse gas.
(g) Ans: nitrogen
Dry air contains about 78% N₂, 21% O₂, and 1% other gases.
(h) Ans: diamond
Diamond is an allotrope of carbon with a crystalline structure.