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Question 1

Topic: 1.1

Living animals release carbon dioxide.

This is an example of which life process?

A. excretion B. movement C. nutrition D. sensitivity

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: A

Carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration, and its removal from the body is part of excretion. While other options are life processes, they don’t specifically relate to CO₂ release.

Question 2

Topic: 1.2

Some statements about species are given.

1 Members of a species all look identical.
2 Members of a species belong to the same genus.
3 Members of a species can produce fertile offspring.
4 Species are named using an international system.

Which statements are correct?

A. 1, 2, 3 and 4 B. 1, 2 and 3 only C. 2 and 4 only D. 2, 3 and 4 only

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: D

Statement 1 is incorrect as members can vary in appearance. Statement 2 is correct (taxonomic hierarchy), 3 is correct (biological species concept), and 4 is correct (binomial nomenclature). Therefore, D (2,3,4) is right.

Question 3

Topic: 1.3

The table shows some features of different animals.

Which animal is a reptile?

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: A

Reptiles have scales (A) but lack wings and hair. B lacks all features, C describes a bird (wings+scales), and D describes a mammal (hair). Thus, A is the correct reptilian characteristic.

Question 4

Topic: 2.1

Which structures are found in the cells of all living organisms?

1 cell membrane
2 chloroplast
3 cytoplasm

A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 1 and 2 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 2 and 3 only

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: C

All cells have a cell membrane (1) and cytoplasm (3). Chloroplasts (2) are only in plant cells, so they’re not universal. Therefore, the correct combination is C (1 and 3 only).

Question 5

Topic: 2.2

A diagram of a human red blood cell is shown. The length of line XY on the diagram is 40 mm.

The actual width of the cell is 0.008 mm.

What is the magnification of the diagram?

A. ×500 B. ×5000 C. ×50 000 D. ×500 000

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: B

Magnification = Image size ÷ Actual size = 40 mm ÷ 0.008 mm = 5000. The calculation shows the diagram is magnified ×5000, making B the correct answer.

Question 6

Topic: 3.1

Which statements are correct for both diffusion and osmosis?

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: C

Both diffusion and osmosis involve molecules moving from higher to lower concentration (correct in C). Osmosis is specifically about water movement, but diffusion isn’t limited to water (so first column is wrong in A/B). Neither process requires energy (passive processes), making C the only fully correct option.

Question 7

Topic: 7.4

What is a role of water in digestion?

A. It is an enzyme. B. It is a solvent. C. It is soluble. D. It is a mineral.

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: B

Water acts as a solvent in digestion, dissolving nutrients and enzymes to facilitate chemical reactions. While water is involved in enzymatic reactions, it’s not an enzyme itself (A). Being soluble (C) describes water’s property but not its role, and water isn’t a mineral (D).

Question 8

Topic: 3.3

The concentration of sodium ions in the soil is lower than the concentration inside root hair cells.

Which process will be used when sodium ions are taken into root hair cells from the soil?

A. active transport B. diffusion C. osmosis D. transpiration

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: A

Since sodium ions are moving against their concentration gradient (from lower to higher concentration), this requires active transport which uses energy. Diffusion (B) would move ions the wrong way, osmosis (C) is for water only, and transpiration (D) is water movement through plants.

Question 9

Topic: 4.1

The diagram represents a protein molecule.

What do the small circles represent?

A. amino acids B. fatty acids C. glycerol D. simple sugars

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: A

Proteins are made of amino acid monomers (the small circles) joined by peptide bonds. Fatty acids and glycerol (B/C) make lipids, while simple sugars (D) are carbohydrate monomers. The question specifies a protein molecule, so amino acids is the only correct option.

Question 10

Topic: 5.1

Which processes depend on the action of enzymes?

1. digestion
2. osmosis
3. respiration

A. 1 and 2 B. 1 and 3 C. 1 only D. 2 and 3

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: B

Digestion (1) uses enzymes like amylase and protease. Respiration (3) involves enzymes in metabolic pathways. Osmosis (2) is passive water movement needing no enzymes. Therefore, the correct combination is 1 and 3 (option B).

Question 11

Topic: 5.1

Which diagram of an enzyme, active site and substrate is correct?

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: C

The correct diagram shows the substrate perfectly fitting into the enzyme’s active site, like a key in a lock. This is essential for enzyme action. Options A, B, and D show incorrect matches between substrate and active site.

Question 12

Topic: 6.1

Four test-tubes are set up as shown.

Which test-tube contains the least carbon dioxide after one hour?

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: C

In setup C, the aquatic plant uses CO₂ for photosynthesis in light, while the animal produces CO₂. The net result is least CO₂ as plant usage exceeds animal production. Other setups either lack light (A) or have only respiration (D).

Question 13

Topic: 4.1

Which row shows the uses of some carbohydrates in plants?

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: C

Glucose is used for respiration (energy production), starch is the energy storage molecule, and sucrose is transported in phloem. Cell walls are made of cellulose, not listed here. Thus, row C is correct.

Question 14

Topic: 7.1

The lack of which component of a balanced diet will lead to the development of scurvy?

A. calcium B. iron C. vitamin C D. vitamin D

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: C

Scurvy is caused by vitamin C deficiency, leading to weak connective tissues and bleeding gums. Calcium (A) affects bones, iron (B) affects blood, and vitamin D (D) affects calcium absorption, but none cause scurvy.

Question 15

Topic: 7.2

Which structure is the duodenum?

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: C

The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, receiving digestive juices from pancreas and bile from liver. In the diagram, it’s typically labeled C, between stomach (A/B) and rest of small intestine (D).

Question 16

Topic: 7.1

The food label is from a packet of cereal.

The label can help someone who is concerned about their diet.

A person eats 45 g of cereal.

One of the food types listed in the label can help prevent constipation.

How many grams of this food type does the person eat?

A. 1.3 g B. 2.8 g C. 3.5 g D. 7.7 g

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: A

Fibre helps prevent constipation. The label shows 2.8g fibre per 100g. For 45g cereal: (2.8g × 45g)/100g = 1.26g ≈ 1.3g. So the correct answer is A.

Question 17

Topic: 8.1

Which pathway is taken by water through a plant?

A. root hair → root cortex → xylem → mesophyll → stomata B. root hair → xylem → mesophyll → root cortex → stomata C. stomata → root cortex → xylem → mesophyll → root hair D. stomata → root hair → root cortex → xylem → mesophyll

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: A

Water enters through root hairs, moves through cortex cells to xylem vessels, travels up to leaves (mesophyll), and exits via stomata. This is the correct sequence of water movement in plants.

Question 18

Topic: 8.3

Which row shows the transpiration rate for the conditions described?

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: D

Transpiration rate is slow when both wind speed and temperature are low. High wind and temperature increase transpiration. Option D correctly matches low conditions with slow rate.

Question 19

Topic: 9.2

The diagram shows the human heart.

Which label shows the left ventricle?

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: B

The left ventricle is the lower left chamber of the heart, which pumps oxygenated blood to the body. In standard heart diagrams, this is typically labeled as B.

Question 20

Topic: 9.3

Which row shows the features of an artery or a vein?

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: C

Veins have large lumens and thin walls compared to arteries. This matches option C. Arteries have thick walls to withstand high pressure (A is incorrect about lumen size).

Question 21

Topic: 11.1

What are features of gas exchange surfaces in animals?

A. thick-walled and large surface area B. thick-walled and small surface area C. thin-walled and small surface area D. thin-walled and large surface area

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: D

Gas exchange surfaces need to be thin-walled for efficient diffusion and have a large surface area to maximize gas exchange. This is seen in alveoli (lungs) and gill filaments. Thick walls (A/B) would hinder diffusion, while small surface area (B/C) would limit exchange capacity.

Question 22

Topic: 12.2

Which chemical can be used to show the presence of carbon dioxide gas?

A. Benedict’s solution B. biuret solution C. ethanol D. limewater

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: D

Limewater turns milky/cloudy when carbon dioxide is bubbled through it due to formation of calcium carbonate. Benedict’s (A) tests for sugars, biuret (B) for proteins, and ethanol (C) is used for fat tests. This makes D the correct choice for CO₂ detection.

Question 23

Topic: 11.1

The diagram represents the exchange of gases during breathing and during respiration in the body.

What is represented by X?

A. heart B. kidneys C. liver D. lungs

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: D

X represents the lungs where gas exchange occurs – oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves it. The heart (A) pumps blood, kidneys (B) filter blood, and liver (C) performs metabolic functions, but none are primary gas exchange sites.

Question 24

Topic: 12.3

Which molecule is produced by anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A. carbon dioxide B. lactic acid C. oxygen D. water

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: A

Yeast produces ethanol and carbon dioxide during anaerobic respiration (fermentation). Lactic acid (B) is produced by human muscles, oxygen (C) is consumed, and water (D) is a byproduct of aerobic respiration, making A the correct answer.

Question 25

Topic: 13.1

The diagram shows the human body and some of its organs.

Which structure removes urea from the blood?

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: C

The kidneys (C) filter urea from the blood as part of urine formation. While other organs have important functions, urea removal is specifically performed by the kidneys through nephrons, making C the correct choice.

Question 26

Topic: 14.1

The diagram shows the structures in a reflex arc.

What is X?

A. effector B. relay neurone C. sensory neurone D. synapse

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: B

In a reflex arc, the relay neurone connects the sensory neurone to the motor neurone. Since X is positioned between the receptor and muscle, it must be the relay neurone (B). The effector (A) is the muscle itself, sensory neurone (C) would come before, and synapse (D) is the gap between neurones.

Question 27

Topic: 14.2

Changes in light intensity cause changes in the diameter of the pupil in the eye.

Which rows show the pupil reflex?

A. 1 and 3 B. 1 and 4 C. 2 and 3 D. 2 and 4

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: C

The pupil constricts (decreases) in bright light (row 2) to protect the retina and dilates (increases) in dim light (row 3) to allow more light in. Therefore, the correct combination is C (2 and 3), as these rows accurately describe the pupil reflex response.

Question 28

Topic: 14.3

A hormone is injected into a person to reduce their blood glucose concentration.

Which endocrine gland is not functioning properly in a person who needs to have this injection?

A. adrenal gland B. ovary C. pancreas D. testis

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: C

The pancreas produces insulin which lowers blood glucose. If someone needs insulin injections, their pancreas (C) isn’t functioning properly. The adrenal gland (A) produces adrenaline, while ovary (B) and testis (D) produce sex hormones, none of which regulate blood glucose.

Question 29

Topic: 10.1

The table shows which antibiotics are effective against different types of bacteria.

The shaded areas show the antibiotic is effective against that type of bacteria.

A person has a disease caused by a type of Streptococcus bacteria and a second infection caused by a type of Pseudomonas bacteria.

Which antibiotic should be taken?

A. 1 or 6 B. 2 or 4 C. 3 or 4 D. 5 or 6

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: B

Antibiotics 2 and 4 are effective against both Streptococcus and Pseudomonas (shaded in both columns). Option B (2 or 4) is correct as these are the only antibiotics that work against both bacterial infections simultaneously.

Question 30

Topic: 16.1

The diagram shows one way that a plant can reproduce.

What is a feature of this type of reproduction?

A. The offspring show genetic variation. B. Only one parent is required. C. Offspring are easily dispersed over a wide area. D. Pollination by insects is required.

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: B

The diagram shows asexual reproduction (like runners or cuttings), where only one parent is needed (B). Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring (A incorrect), doesn’t necessarily aid dispersal (C), and never requires pollination (D), which is sexual reproduction.

Question 31

Topic: 17.4

Which human characteristics are inherited?

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: A

Blood group, eye color, and sex are genetically inherited traits. Language is learned through environment and experience, not inherited. Option A correctly identifies all inherited characteristics (blood group, eye color, sex) and marks language as not inherited.

Question 32

Topic: 16.4

In a sperm cell, which structure contains enzymes that can digest the jelly coat of an egg cell?

A. acrosome B. flagellum C. mitochondria D. nucleus

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: A

The acrosome is a cap-like structure at the sperm head containing digestive enzymes needed to penetrate the egg’s protective layers. The flagellum (B) aids movement, mitochondria (C) provide energy, and the nucleus (D) carries genetic material.

Question 33

Topic: 17.4

When breeding, which pair of parents will be pure-breeding for a particular characteristic?

A. a heterozygous and a homozygous individual B. two heterozygous individuals C. two homozygous individuals D. two individuals with the same phenotype

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: C

Pure-breeding organisms are homozygous (same alleles) for a trait. Two homozygous parents (C) will always produce offspring with the same genotype for that trait. Heterozygous parents (A/B) can produce varied offspring, and phenotype (D) doesn’t guarantee genotype.

Question 34

Topic: 17.4

In a pea plant, the allele for round seeds, R, is dominant to the allele for wrinkled seeds, r. If plants with the genotype Rr are crossed, what are the likely proportions of offspring?

A. all with round seeds B. all with wrinkled seeds C. 1 with round seeds: 1 with wrinkled seeds D. 3 with round seeds: 1 with wrinkled seeds

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: D

A cross between Rr plants creates offspring with possible genotypes RR, Rr (both round phenotype) and rr (wrinkled). The classic Mendelian ratio is 3 round (RR/Rr) : 1 wrinkled (rr). This demonstrates dominant-recessive inheritance patterns.

Question 35

Topic: 18.1

Which definition of continuous variation is correct?

A. variation that results in a limited number of phenotypes between two extremes B. variation that results in a limited number of phenotypes with no intermediates C. variation that results in a range of phenotypes between two extremes D. variation that results in a range of phenotypes with no intermediates

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: C

Continuous variation shows a complete range of measurements between extremes (like height), controlled by multiple genes. Options A/B describe discrete variation (limited categories), while D is incorrect as continuous variation always has intermediates.

Question 36

Topic: 19.2

Which term is used to describe an organism that makes its own organic nutrients?

A. carnivore B. decomposer C. herbivore D. producer

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: D

Producers (D) like plants and algae make their own organic nutrients through photosynthesis. Carnivores (A) eat meat, herbivores (C) eat plants, and decomposers (B) break down dead matter – none produce their own food.

Question 37

Topic: 19.1

What is the principal source of energy for most food chains?

A. carbon dioxide gas B. glucose C. oxygen D. sunlight

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: D

Sunlight (D) is the original energy source for nearly all food chains, as plants convert it to chemical energy via photosynthesis. While glucose (B) stores energy, it’s derived from sunlight. Carbon dioxide (A) and oxygen (C) are gases involved in the process.

Question 38

Topic: 19.2

A single tree is food for a large population of caterpillars. Several small birds eat the caterpillars. The small birds are eaten by a bird of prey.

Which is the pyramid of biomass?

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: A

Pyramids of biomass always narrow upward because energy is lost at each trophic level. The tree (producer) has the most biomass, followed by many caterpillars (primary consumers), fewer birds (secondary consumers), and very few birds of prey (tertiary consumers).

Question 39

Topic: 20.3

The diagram shows the results of a survey on the types of animals found along a stretch of river near to a factory.

Which animal lives in the least polluted water?

A. bloodworm B. caddisfly larva C. leech D. stonefly nymph

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: D

Stonefly nymphs (D) are bioindicators of clean water as they’re highly sensitive to pollution. Bloodworms (A) and leeches (C) thrive in polluted water, while caddisfly larvae (B) tolerate moderate pollution – making stoneflies the best clean-water indicator.

Question 40

Topic: 21.2

Bacteria are useful for manufacturing products for human use.

Which statement explains why they are useful?

A. Bacteria can be grown without nutrients. B. Bacteria do not have a nucleus. C. Bacteria infect human cells. D. Bacteria reproduce very rapidly.

▶️ Answer/Explanation

Solution

Ans: D

Bacteria’s rapid reproduction (D) allows quick mass production of useful substances like insulin or yogurt. While they lack nuclei (B), this isn’t why they’re useful. They do need nutrients (A is false), and infection (C) is harmful, not beneficial.

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