Question 1:-
Topic – B2.1 Cell structure
(a) Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of a plant cell.
(i) State the letter in Fig. 1.1 that identifies the part:
that strengthens the cell …………………..
where photosynthesis occurs …………………..
where genetic material is stored. …………………..
(ii) State two letters that identify cell structures in Fig. 1.1 that are present in both animal and plant cells.
(b) Fig. 1.2 is a photomicrograph of a plant cell.
(i) State the two values you need to be able to calculate the actual size of the plant cell.
(ii) Complete the sentences to describe the effect of immersion in pure water on the plant cell in Fig. 1.2.
Use words or phrases from the list.
Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once or not at all.
amino acids assimilation glucose
osmosis partially permeable respiration
vacuole water
There is an increase in the size of the plant cell ……………………………………………………… .
This is because ……………………………………………………… enters the plant cell through the …………………………………………………….. membrane.
This process is called …………………………………………………….. .
▶Answer/Explanation
Ans:
1(a)(i) D ;
B ;
E ;
1(a)(ii) any two from:
A ;
E ;
F ;
1(b)(i) image size ;
magnification ;
1(b)(ii) vacuole ;
water ;
partially permeable (membrane) ;
osmosis ;
Question 2:-
Topic – C12.3 Chromatography
(a) A list of processes is shown.
chromatography
combustion
cracking
electroplating
fermentation
filtration
oxidation
polymerisation
rusting
Identify, from the list, the process that is used to:
(i) break down large hydrocarbon alkane molecules into smaller alkene and smaller alkane molecules.
(ii) make ethanol from glucose.
(iii) make long chain molecules from small monomer units.
(iv) separate a mixture of dyes.
(v) cover a metal with a layer of copper.
(b) Sodium chloride is made by reacting an acid with a base.
State the name of the acid and the base that are used.
acid …………………………
base …………………………….
(c) An atom of sodium has 11 electrons. A sodium ion has the symbol Na+.
Complete Fig. 2.1 to show the electronic structures of a sodium atom and a sodium ion. The first electron shell has been completed for you.
(d) Sodium and chlorine are both in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.
Use words from the list to complete the sentence to describe the changes in metallic nature across a period in the Periodic Table.
Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all.
left metallic non-metallic right
Going from ………………. to …………….., the elements change from ……………………. to ………………….. .
▶Answer/Explanation
Ans:
2(a)(i) cracking ;
2(a)(ii) fermentation ;
2(a)(iii) polymerisation ;
2(a)(iv) chromatography ;
2(a)(v) electroplating ;
2(b) (dilute) hydrochloric acid ;
(aqueous) sodium hydroxide ;
2(c) sodium atom 2.8.1 ;
sodium ion 2.8 ;
2(d) left right metallic non-metallic ;
or
right left non-metallic metallic
Question 3:-
Topic – C9.4 Reactivity series
A student investigates the properties of five materials:
copper ice iron plastic wood
Each material is a block with the dimensions shown in Fig. 3.1.
(a) (i) State the two materials that are good thermal conductors.
(ii) State the two materials that are good electrical conductors.
(iii) State the material that a magnet attracts.
(b) The mass of the block of wood is 39g.
Use information from Fig. 3.1 to calculate the density of the block of wood.
State the units of your answer.
density = ……………………………… units ………..
(c) The block of ice melts and turns to water.
Fig. 3.2 shows the arrangement of particles in ice and in water.
Explain, in terms of the arrangement of particles, why diagram A represents ice and diagram B represents water.
(d) When the plastic block is rubbed with a cloth an electrostatic charge is produced.
State the particles that are transferred when the block is rubbed with the cloth.
▶Answer/Explanation
Ans:
3(a)(i) copper and iron ;
3(a)(ii) copper and iron ;
3(a)(iii) iron ;
3(b) volume = 3 × 4 × 5 = 60 cm3 ;
density = mass / volume (in any form) or 39 / 60 ;
= 0.65 ;
g/cm3 ;
3(c) ice – particles arranged regularly
and
water – particles arranged irregularly ;/.,
3(d) electrons ;
Question 4:-
Topic – B13.1 Coordination and response
Fig. 4.1 shows the pathway and the structures involved in a reflex action when you touch a hot object.
When a very hot object is touched you immediately remove your hand.
(a) (i) Identify the part labelled Y in Fig. 4.1.
Y …………………………………………………..
(ii) Identify the direction of impulses in parts X and Z by drawing two arrows on Fig. 4.1.
(iii) State the names of the stimulus and effector in this reflex action.
stimulus ……………………………
effector ……………………………..
(iv) State two characteristics of living things that are involved in this reflex action.
(b) The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system.
(i) State the name of the other part of the central nervous system.
(ii) State the name of the other nervous system in humans.
▶Answer/Explanation
Ans:
4(a)(i) relay neurone ;
4(a)(ii) arrow drawn towards the spinal cord at X and one towards the muscle at Z ;
4(a)(iii) stimulus – (change in) temperature ;
effector – muscle / named arm muscle ;
4(a)(iv) sensitivity ;
movement ;
4(b)(i) brain ;
4(b)(ii) peripheral (nervous system) ;
Question 5:-
Topic – C1.1 Solids, liquids and gases
(a) A sample of clean air contains nitrogen and other gases.
State the percentage of nitrogen in the sample of clean air.
……………………………………………….%
(b) Argon is one of the other gases found in clean air.
Fig. 5.1 shows the electronic structure of an atom of argon.
(i) Use Fig. 5.1 to explain why argon is unreactive.
(ii) State one use for argon gas.
(c) Sulfur dioxide is a pollutant in the air.
(i) State one source of sulfur dioxide.
(ii) Name one other oxide that is a pollutant in the air.
(d) Sulfur dioxide contributes to acid rain.
(i) Acid rain reacts slowly with limestone.
Suggest one reason for this slow rate of reaction.
(ii) Acid rain also causes acidic soil.
Name the chemical substance used by farmers to treat acidic soil.
(iii) State the name of the type of reaction that occurs when the substance you have named
in (d)(ii) is added to acidic soil.
(e) Scientists are concerned about the increase in the amount of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s
atmosphere.
Name one greenhouse gas.
▶Answer/Explanation
Ans: 5(a) nitrogen 78% ;
5(b)(i) full outer shell /
no need to gain or lose electrons ;
5(b)(ii) lamps ;
5(c)(i) combustion of fossil fuels ;
5(c)(ii) oxides of nitrogen / carbon monoxide ;
5(d)(i) acid rain is (very) dilute ;
5(d)(ii) limestone / calcium carbonate ;
5(d)(iii) neutralisation ;
5(e) carbon dioxide / methane ;
Question 6:-
Topic – C11.3 Fuels
(a) Five different energy sources are shown in the list.
coal geothermal hydroelectric nuclear solar
(i) Circle the energy source in the list that produces carbon dioxide when it is used to generate electricity in a power station.
(ii) State the name of one renewable energy source not shown in the list.
(iii) State the form of energy stored in coal.
(iv) Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of solar power compared to nuclear
power.
advantage ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
disadvantage ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) In a nuclear power station, there are radioactive materials. Emissions from these materials
include α-particles, β-particles and γ-rays.
(i) State the emission which is part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
(ii) Write the name of this emission in the correct position in the incomplete electromagnetic
spectrum in Fig. 6.1.
(iii) Place α-particles, β-particles and γ-rays in order of their penetrating abilities.
greatest penetration …………………………………………………………
least penetration …………………………………………………………
(iv) Describe the nature of an α-particle.
(c) The nuclear fuel used in some power stations is plutonium-239.
Plutonium-239 decays by α-particle emission to produce uranium-235.
Plutonium-239 has a half-life of 24000 years.
(i) 100g of plutonium-239 is sealed in a lead container and left for 96000 years.
Calculate the mass of plutonium-239 remaining after 96000 years.
mass = ………………………………………………g
(ii) Complete the word equation to show the decay of a nucleus of plutonium-239.
plutonium-239→ ………………………………… + …………………………………
▶Answer/Explanation
Ans: 6(a)(iii) chemical (potential) ;
6(a)(iv) advantage – no nuclear waste / no nuclear accidents;
disadvantage – only available during the day;
6(b)(i) γ- rays ;
6(b)(ii) left hand box ;
6(b)(iii) γ- rays
β- particles
α- particles ;
6(b)(iv) helium nucleus / 2 protons and 2 neutrons ;
6(c)(i) four half lives ;
6.25 (g) ;
6(c)(ii) plutonium – 239 → uranium – 235 + α (particle) ;
Question 7:-
Topic – B16.1 Chromosomes and genes
Pea colour and shape are inherited characteristics that are controlled by a single gene.
(a) Define the term gene.
(b) A farmer recorded the colour and shape of a sample of 14 peas.
Fig. 7.1 shows a graph of the results.
(i) Identify the most frequent pea colour and shape in Fig. 7.1.
(ii) State the frequency of wrinkled green peas in Fig. 7.1.
(iii) Describe evidence from Fig. 7.1 that shows that pea colour and shape are examples of
discontinuous variation.
(iv) State one example of continuous variation in humans.
(c) The farmer found that smooth green peas were the most popular with food buyers.
Describe how the farmer uses selective breeding to increase the number of smooth green
peas.
(d) Name the type of selection that results in species being adapted to the environment they live
in.
▶Answer/Explanation
Ans:
7(a) length of DNA ;
that codes for a protein ;
7(b)(i) wrinkled yellow ;
7(b)(ii) 3 ;
7(b)(iii) there are, a limited number of phenotypes / no intermediates / AW ;
7(b)(iv) height / AVP ;
7(c) any two from:
farmer selects smooth green peas plants ;
uses these plants to breed ;
observes / selects, offspring (for smooth green peas) ;
repeats the process (for many generations) ;
7(d) natural (selection) ;
Question 8:-
Topic – C11.2 Naming organic compounds
Methane, CH4, is a hydrocarbon.
(a) (i) Methane is the main constituent of a fossil fuel.
State the name of this fossil fuel.
(ii) State the name of the type of bonding in a molecule of methane.
(iii) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram in Fig. 8.1 to show the bonding in a molecule of
methane. You only need to show the outer-shell electrons.
(b) The complete combustion of methane makes carbon dioxide and water.
(i) Balance the symbol equation for the complete combustion of methane.
CH4 + ……………O2 → CO2 + ……………H2O
(ii) Methane is oxidised in this reaction. Explain how the symbol equation shows that methane is oxidised.
(iii) During the incomplete combustion of methane carbon monoxide is made.
Describe one adverse effect of carbon monoxide on the health of humans.
(c) Carbon is an element. Methane is a compound.
Describe the difference between an element and a compound by completing the sentences
using only the words elements or compounds. …………………………. are pure substances consisting only of atoms, all of which have the same number of protons in their nuclei. …………………………. are chemical substances composed of two or more …………………………. held together by chemical bonds.
▶Answer/Explanation
Ans:
8(a)(i) natural gas ;
8(a)(ii) covalent ;
8(a)(iii) one pair of shared electrons ;
four pairs of electrons and all else correct ;
8(b)(i) 2 O2 ;
2 H2O ;
8(b)(ii) gains / reacts with oxygen ;
8(b)(iii) toxic;
8(c) elements compounds elements ;
Question 9:-
Topic – P1.1 Physical quantities and measurement techniques
(a) Fig. 9.1 shows a speed-time graph for a penguin swimming in the sea.
(i) On Fig. 9.1 mark with the letter A a time when the penguin has greatest acceleration.
(ii) On Fig. 9.1 mark with the letter M a time when the penguin is swimming at constant speed and state this speed.
speed = ………………………………………….. m/s
(b) Fig. 9.2 shows a penguin walking on ice in Antarctica.
A scientist is studying the penguin.
(i) State the two quantities that the scientist needs to know to calculate the pressure exerted by the penguin on the ice.
1 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) The scientist can detect the penguin moving on the ice using thermal imaging cameras. These use infrared radiation. State one other use for infrared radiation.
(c) The penguin hears a sound of 400Hz made by the scientist. The audible frequency range for the penguin has a higher minimum frequency and a lower maximum frequency compared to a human. Suggest the audible frequency range for the penguin.
minimum frequency = …………………………………………………. Hz
maximum frequency = …………………………………………………. Hz
(d) Describe how the scientist could measure the speed of sound. Include the measurements that need to be taken.
▶Answer/Explanation
Ans:
9(a)(i) letter A somewhere between t = 20 s and t = 25 s ;
9(a)(ii) letter M somewhere between t = 10 s and t = 20 s;
speed 1.0 m / s ;
or
letter M somewhere between t = 25 s and t = 40 s;
speed 2.0 m / s ;
9(b)(i) weight of penguin ;
area of feet (in contact with the ice) ;
9(b)(ii) TV remote controller/ intruder alarms ;
9(c) minimum – 21 to 400 ;
maximum – 401 to 19 999 Hz ;
9(d) make a loud noise ;
time how long it takes to travel a measured distance ;
divide distance by time ;
Question 10:-
Topic – B11.1 Gas exchange in humans
(a) Fig. 10.1 is a diagram of the gas exchange system in humans.
State the name of the parts labelled A and B in Fig. 10.1.
A ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
B ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Table 10.1 compares the composition of two gases in inspired air and expired air.
(i) Calculate the difference between the percentage of gas X in inspired air compared to expired air in Table 10.1.
……………………………………………….%
(ii) Describe the test for gas Y and state the positive result.
test
positive result ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iii) State the name of the chemical reaction that occurs in cells that requires gas X.
(c) The rate of breathing increases during physical activity. State one other change to the pattern of breathing during physical activity.
(d) Pulse rate also increases during physical activity to supply more blood to the muscles. White blood cells are one of the major components of blood.
(i) State two other major components of blood.
1 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) State two functions of white blood cells.
1 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
▶Answer/Explanation
Ans:
10(a) A – trachea ;
B – diaphragm ;
10(b)(i) 5 (%) ;
10(b)(ii) limewater ;
cloudy ;
10(b)(iii) (aerobic) respiration ;
10(c) increased depth of breathing ;
10(d)(i) any two from:
red blood cells ;
platelets ;
plasma ;
10(d)(ii) phagocytosis ;
antibody production ;
Question 11:-
Topic – C4.1 Electrolysis
(a) Three metals are placed in three different test-tubes of dilute sulfuric acid as shown in
Fig. 11.1.
(i) Suggest the pH number of the dilute sulfuric acid.
pH = ……………………….
(ii) State which of the three metals in Fig. 11.1 reacts most quickly with dilute sulfuric acid.
(iii) When metals react with dilute sulfuric acid a gas is made. State the name of this gas.
(iv) A sulfuric acid molecule contains two hydrogen atoms, one sulfur atom and four oxygen
atoms. State the formula of sulfuric acid.
(b) Brass is an alloy.
(i) State what is meant by the term alloy.
(ii) A sample of brass has a mass of 250g. The sample of brass has the composition shown
in Table 11.1.
Calculate the mass of zinc contained in the sample of brass.
mass of zinc = ……………………………………………….g
(c) An isotope of zinc contains atoms which have a proton number of 30 and a nucleon number of 64.
(i) Complete the sentence to define the term isotope.
Isotopes are atoms of the same …………………………. which have the same …………………………. number but a different …………………………. number.
(ii) Deduce the number of electrons in this atom of zinc.
number of electrons = ………………………………..
(iii) Deduce the number of neutrons in this atom of zinc.
number of neutrons = …………………………………
(d) Zinc ore is a finite resource.
State what is meant by a finite resource.
▶Answer/Explanation
Ans:
11(a)(i) in the range from 1 to 6 ;
11(a)(ii) magnesium ;
11(a)(iii) hydrogen ;
11(a)(iv) H2SO4 ;
11(b)(i) a mixture of a metals and other elements;
11(b)(ii) 33 × 250 / 100 ;
83 ;
11(c)(i) element;
proton and nucleon;
11(c)(ii) 30 ;
11(c)(iii) 34 ;
11(d) (A finite resource is something useful that is) non-renewable / will eventually run out ;
Question 12:-
Topic – P4.2.2 Electric current
(a) Complete the following sentences using the words shown. Each term may be used once, more than once or not at all. current ohms charge newtons resistance volts
A flow of electrons is called a …………………………. .
Electromotive force (e.m.f.) is measured in …………………………. .
To calculate the resistance of a component you divide the voltage by the ……………………….. .
(b) Energy transfers occur when electrical energy is supplied to a lamp. Fig. 12.1 shows a lamp
and the energy transfers.
Use information from Fig. 12.1 to calculate the wasted energy.
wasted energy = ……………………………………………… J
(c) Fig. 12.2 shows a ray of light from the lamp entering a glass block.
(i) On Fig. 12.2 continue the path of the ray into the block as it is refracted.
(ii) On Fig. 12.2 label the angle of incidence with an i and the angle of refraction with an r.
(d) Fig. 12.3 represents a visible light wave.
(i) On Fig. 12.3 use a double-headed arrow (↔ or ↕) and the letter W to show one wavelength.
(ii) On Fig. 12.3 use a double-headed arrow (↔ or ↕) and the letter A to show the amplitude of the wave.
▶Answer/Explanation
Ans:
12(a) current ;
volts ;
current ;
12(b) 360 (J );
12(c)(i) ray drawn correctly ;
12(c)(ii) i and r labelled correctly ;
12(d)(i) one wavelength correctly shown ;
12(d)(ii) amplitude correctly shown ;