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Question 1:-

Topic – (a) (i) & (ii) – B7.2 Digestive system (Structure and function of teeth)

(iii) – B10.1 Diseases and immunity (Pathogens and disease)

(iv) – B7.2 Digestive system (Types of human teeth)

(b) – B7.1 Diet (Nutritional deficiencies)

(a) Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of parts of a tooth.

(i) State the letters from Fig. 1.1 that identify two parts that are dissolved by acid during dental decay.

……………………………….. and ……………………………….. [2]
(ii) State the letter from Fig. 1.1 that identifies part of the nervous system.
(iii) State the type of organism that causes dental decay.

(iv) State the names of two different types of human teeth.

(b) Table 1.1 shows some information about deficiency of some of the components in the diet.
Complete Table 1.1.

(c) One risk factor for coronary heart disease is an unhealthy diet.
State two other risk factors for coronary heart disease.
1 …………………………………………………………………………

2 …………………………………………………………………………

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans :

1(a)(i) A ;
B ;

1(a)(ii) F ;
1(a)(iii) bacteria ;
1(a)(iv) any two from:
incisor ;
canine ;
pre-molar ;
molar ;

1(b)

1(c) any two from:
stress ;
smoking ;
genetic predisposition ;
age ;
gender ;
AVP ;

Question 2:-

Topic – (a) – C6.1 Chemical reactions (Balanced symbol equations)

(b) – C12.1 Chemical analysis (Test for gases)

(d) – C6.2 Rates of reaction (Collision theory)

(e) – C5.2 Energy changes in reactions (Energy level diagrams)

A student investigates the reaction between calcium carbonate, CaCO₃, and dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl.
Calcium chloride, CaCl ₂ ,water and carbon dioxide are made.
(a) Construct the balanced symbol equation for this reaction.
(b) Describe the test for carbon dioxide. Include the observation for a positive result.
test …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
result ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(c) Fig. 2.1 shows the apparatus used.

The student does the experiment at five different temperatures.
Table 2.1 shows the results of the experiment.

(i) State the temperature when the reaction is fastest.

temperature = …………………………………………….. °C [1]
(ii) Describe the relationship between the temperature and the rate of the reaction.

(d) The student does the experiment again at 21°C.
They use the same amounts of calcium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid.
This time they use hydrochloric acid that is more concentrated.
The reaction is faster than when using dilute hydrochloric acid.
Explain why.
Use ideas about collisions between particles in your answer.

(e) Fig. 2.2 shows the energy level diagrams for two different reactions, A and B.
Reaction A and reaction B are done under the same conditions.

Reaction A happens faster than reaction B.
Explain why.
Use information from Fig. 2.2 in your answer.

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans : 2(a) CaCO₃ + 2HCl → CaCl₂ + H₂O + CO₂
correct formulae ;
correct balancing ;

2(b) test – limewater ;
result – turns milky / cloudy ;

2(c)(i) 59 (°C) ;
2(c)(ii) as the temperature increases the rate of reaction increases / owtte ;
2(d) particles are more crowded / more particles per cm³ / owtte ;
more frequent collisions / more collisions per second / owtte ;

2(e) activation energy for reaction A is lower than for reaction B ;

idea that more / higher proportion of reactant particles can react on collision in reaction A ;

Question 3:-

Topic – (a) – P1.1 Motion, forces, and energy (Density calculation)

(b)(i) – P2.1 Thermal physics (Heat transfer in materials)

(b)(ii) – P2.2 States of matter (Boiling and molecular motion)

Fig. 3.1 shows an iceberg floating in the sea.

(a) The density of the iceberg is 920 kg / m3 and the volume of the iceberg is 2 × 105 m3.
Calculate the mass of the iceberg.

mass = …………………………………………….. kg [2]
(b) (i) Some samples of ice are taken from the iceberg so that a scientist can study what happens when the samples melt.

The scientist records the masses of three pieces of ice.
The pieces of ice are placed on top of blocks made of different materials.
The blocks are the same shape and size and are placed in a warm room so that they are all at the same temperature.
Fig. 3.2 shows the materials used.

After 5 minutes, the mass of each piece of solid ice remaining is measured.
Table 3.1 shows the scientist’s results.

Use Fig. 3.2 and Table 3.1 to describe and explain the results of the scientist’s investigation.
description

explanation

(ii) Liquid water can be boiled to produce steam.
Describe the process of boiling in terms of the:

• forces between molecules
• distances between molecules
• motion of molecules.
forces between molecules

distances between molecules

motion of molecules

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans : 3(a) (m =) ρV / 920 × 2 × 10⁵ ;

(m =) 1.84 × 10⁸ (kg) ;

3(b)(i) any three from:

changes in mass calculated: polystyrene: 2.04 g, copper: 4.12 g, glass: 3.35 g ;
copper melts the most / polystyrene melts the least ;
copper is a good conductor / polystyrene is an, insulator / poor conductor ;
maximum (rate of) energy transfer in copper / minimum energy transfer in polystyrene ;
copper is a metal / expanded polystyrene contains trapped air ;

3(b)(ii) (forces between molecules) decrease ;
(distance between molecules) increase ;
(molecules) become free to move / move out of container ;

Question 4:-

Topic – (a) – B8.3 Transpiration (Effect of temperature on transpiration)

(b) – B8.1 Xylem and phloem (Water transport in plants)

(a) Fig. 4.1 is a graph showing the effect of temperature on the rate of transpiration in one leaf.

(i) Complete the sentences to describe and explain the results shown in Fig. 4.1.
As the leaf temperature increases, the rate of transpiration increases.
Higher leaf temperatures result in increased …………………………………………………….. of water at the surfaces of the mesophyll cells.
This causes an increase in the rate water vapour …………………………………………………….. out of the leaf.
Water vapour is lost from the leaf through …………………………………………………….. in the lower epidermis.

(ii) The investigation is repeated at a greater humidity.
Draw a line on Fig. 4.1 to show the effect of greater humidity on the results.

(b) Xylem vessels transport water to the leaves.
(i) Explain the mechanism that causes the movement of water up the xylem.

(ii) State one other function of xylem apart from transport.

(c) State the names of two substances that are only transported in phloem.
1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans : 4(a)(i) evaporation ;
diffuses ;
stomata ;

4(a)(ii) line drawn showing a decreased rate of transpiration ;
4(b)(i) any three from:
ref to transpiration pull ;
creation of a water potential gradient / reduction of water potential at top of the xylem ;
that draws up a column of water molecules / AW ;
water molecules held together by cohesion ;

4(b)(ii) support / AW ;
4(c) sucrose ;
amino acids ;

Question 5:-

Topic – (a) – C8.2 Group I elements (Trends in reactivity)

(b) – C8.3 Periodic trends (Predicted properties)

(d) – C6.1 Chemical reactions (Balancing equations)

(e) – C8.4 Group VII elements (Displacement reactions & redox)

(f) – C8.5 Noble gases (Electronic structure)

Lithium, sodium and potassium are metals in Group I of the Periodic Table.
(a) Describe the trend in reactivity of the Group I elements down the group.
(b) Table 5.1 shows some information about Group I elements.
Complete Table 5.1 by predicting the melting point of potassium and the density of rubidium.
Use ideas about trends down the group to help you.

(c) State the colour of the flame when sodium burns in oxygen.
Tick () one box.

(d) Potassium reacts with water.
Potassium hydroxide solution and hydrogen are made.
Complete the balanced equation for the reaction.
Include state symbols.

2K(s) + 2H₂O(l) → ………………… (………) + ………………… (………)

(e) Chlorine and bromine are elements in Group VII of the Periodic Table.
Chlorine displaces bromine from aqueous sodium bromide.

Cl₂ + 2NaBr → Br₂ + 2NaCl
Explain why this is an example of a redox reaction.
(f) State which of the following is the electronic structure of an element in Group VIII (Group 0).
Tick (3) one box.

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans : 5(a) increases / owtte ;
5(b) melting point of potassium = 64 / 38 to 97 (°C) ;
density of rubidium = 1.63 / 0.90 to 1.92 (g / cm³) ;

5(c) yellow ;
5(d) → 2KOH(aq) + H₂(g)
correct formulae ;
correct balancing ;
correct state symbols ;

5(e) transfer of electrons / loss and gain of electrons ;
the Br ⁻ / bromide / bromine ions lose electrons AND chlorine atoms / chlorine gain(s) electrons ;

5(f) 2.8.8 ;

Question 6:-

Topic – (a) – P1.1 Motion, forces, and energy (Energy calculations)

(b) – P4.1 Electricity and magnetism (AC generators)

Fig. 6.1 shows wind turbines used to generate electricity.

(a) Fig. 6.2 shows how the power output of one wind turbine changes with wind speed.

On one particular day, the wind speed is 10m/ s.
Calculate the energy generated by one wind turbine in 1 hour (3600 seconds).

energy = ………………………………………………. J
(b) The wind turbine uses a generator to produce electricity.
Fig. 6.3 shows a simple a.c. generator.

(i) Describe how a simple a.c. generator produces a voltage output.

(ii) On Fig. 6.4, sketch a graph of voltage output against time for a simple a.c. generator rotating with a constant speed.

(c) Turbines and generators can also be used to convert the kinetic energy of tidal water into electrical energy.
(i) The efficiency of a tidal generator is 80% when the tidal water moves at 5.0m/s.
Calculate the mass of water which would need to pass through the tidal generator to produce 1400J of electrical energy from kinetic energy.

mass = …………………………………………….. kg [3]
(ii) State one advantage of using tidal generators to produce electricity instead of traditional fossil fuel power stations.

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans : 6(a) (P =) 50 (kW) ;
(E =) Pxt / 50 000 × 3600 ;

(E =) 1.8 × 10⁸ (J) ;

6(b)(i) coil turns / rotates ;

magnetic field through the coil changes / coil, moves across / cuts, magnetic field ;
(e.m.f. / voltage output is) induced / ref to induction ;

6(b)(ii) sinusoidal wave ;

with constant amplitude and constant time period ;

6(c)(i) (KE = ) 1400 / 0.8 / 1750 (J) ;

(m =) 2KE / v² / 2 × 1750/25 ;

(m =) 140 (kg) ;
OR:
1⁄2 m.5² × 0.8 = 1400 ;
m = 1400
25 0.8 
 2 ;
= 140 (kg) ;

6(c)(ii) doesn’t release, CO₂ / greenhouse gases, / doesn’t contribute to, global warming / climate change, / won’t run out /

renewable ;

Question 7:-

Topic – (a) – B16.3 Monohybrid inheritance (Genetic diagrams & pedigree)

(b) – B16.2 Cell division (Mitosis and meiosis)

(a) Albinism is an inherited condition that results in no pigments being made in the skin.
The allele for albinism is recessive a.
The allele for no albinism is dominant A.
Fig. 7.1 is a pedigree chart diagram of albinism in one family.

(i) Use the information in Fig. 7.1 to state:
the genotype of person 4 ……………………………………………….
the genotype of person 1 ……………………………………………….
the sex chromosomes of person 5. …………………………………………
(ii) A couple without albinism decides to have a child.
Complete the genetic diagram in Fig. 7.2 to calculate the percentage chance of having a child with albinism.

percentage chance of child having albinism = ………………………………………………%
(b) Mitosis and meiosis are two forms of cell division.
(i) State two roles of mitosis.
1 …………………………………………………………………………
2 ………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) State the name of one organ in the human body where meiosis occurs.
(iii) An organism has 32 chromosomes.
State the number of chromosomes in a cell formed by meiosis in this organism.

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans : 7(a)(i) aa ;
Aa ;
XX ;

7(a)(ii)

25 (%) ;

7(b)(i) any two from:
growth ;
repair (of damaged tissues) ;
replacement of cells ;
asexual reproduction ;

7(b)(ii) testes / ovary ;
7(b)(iii) 16 ;

Question 8:-

Topic – (a) – C11.1 Organic chemistry (Petroleum fractions & uses)

(b) – C12.2 Separation techniques (Fractional distillation)

(d) – C10.3 Catalysts and air pollution (Catalytic converters)

(a) Petroleum is separated into different fractions.
Fig. 8.1 shows the percentage composition of fractions from a sample of petroleum.

(i) State one use of bitumen.
(ii) 225kg of the sample of petroleum is placed into a barrel.
Calculate the mass of diesel oil, in kilograms, in this barrel.
mass of diesel oil = …………………………………………….. kg
(b) Petroleum is separated into different fractions by fractional distillation.
Describe how petroleum is separated by fractional distillation.

(c) Diesel oil, gasoline and other fuels made from petroleum naturally contain some sulfur impurities.
Suggest why sulfur impurities are removed from these fuels before the fuels are used.
(d) Gasoline used in cars causes air pollution by producing oxides of nitrogen such as nitrogen monoxide, NO.
Describe how a catalytic converter removes nitrogen monoxide from exhaust emissions.
Include a balanced symbol equation in your answer.

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans :

8(a)(i) road surfaces ;
8(a)(ii) 225 26
100

;
= 59 (kg) ;

8(b) fractions are separated according to their boiling point ;
petroleum is heated AND idea that vapours rise (and cool) ;
idea that vapours condense when they become cool enough ;

8(c) idea that sulfur impurities cause acid rain ;

8(d) idea that nitrogen monoxide is removed from exhaust emissions by reaction over a hot catalyst / at high temperature ;
AND ONE EQUATION FROM
2NO + 2CO →N₂ + 2CO₂

or
2NO → N₂ + O₂
correct formulae ;
correct balancing ;

Question 9:-

Topic -(a) – P1.2 Forces and moments (Moments and equilibrium)

(b) – P3.1 Light (Lens and image formation)

(a) Fig. 9.1 shows a butterfly resting on a leaf attached to the branch of a tree.

(i) State the name of the force labelled F.
(ii) The leaf will break off the branch if the moment about the pivot point X is greater than 0.14Ncm.
The leaf does not break off the branch when the butterfly rests on it.
Calculate the maximum mass of the butterfly.
The gravitational field strength, g, is 10N/ kg.
maximum mass = …………………………………………….. kg

(b) A scientist captures the butterfly in a plastic container to study it more closely.
The scientist places a converging lens across the top of the plastic container.
Fig. 9.2 shows the butterfly in the container.

Complete Fig. 9.3 to show how a thin converging lens forms a real image.
Label the image with the word image.

(c) The scientist uses a filament lamp to illuminate the butterfly while she is studying it.
(i) The filament lamp is in a series circuit with a cell and a switch.
Complete Fig. 9.4 to show this circuit.

(ii) Fig. 9.5 shows the current–voltage characteristic of a filament lamp.

Use Fig. 9.5 to explain how the resistance of the filament lamp changes as the voltage across it is increased.

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans :

9(a)(i) weight ;
9(a)(ii) (weight =) moment / distance / 0.14 / 5.0 ;

(weight =) 0.028 (N) ;
(mass = W/g = 0.028 / 10 =) 0.0028 (kg) ;

9(b) first ray drawn ;
second ray drawn ;
image drawn and labelled ;

9(c)(i) correct symbols ;

in series and all else correct ;

9(c)(ii) any three from:

(as voltage increases) current increases ;
(initially) straight line / gradient is constant, so resistance is constant ;
(then) line curves / gradient reduces, so resistance increases ;
(resistance increases because) the temperature (of the filament) increases ;

Question 10:-

Topic -(a) – B12.1 Respiration (Lactic acid & pH change in muscles)

(b) – B13.1 Coordination and response (Muscle function & specialized cells)

(a) The pH of the fluid in muscles changes during vigorous exercise due to the changing concentrations of lactic acid.
Table 10.1 shows the difference in pH before and immediately after vigorous exercise.

(i) Calculate the decrease in pH shown in Table 10.1.

(ii) Explain why there was a decrease in pH of the muscles during vigorous exercise.

(b) Muscle cells are adapted for movement as they are able to contract.
(i) Define the term movement.

(ii) State the name of the cell adapted for:
antibody production ………………………………………………………………………………..
movement of mucus ………………………………………………………………………………..
photosynthesis. ………………………………………………………………………………………..

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans : 10(a)(i) 0.50 ;
10(a)(ii) not enough oxygen (for aerobic respiration) ;

ref to anaerobic respiration ;
increasing lactic acid (reduces the pH) ;

10(b)(i) (an action by,) an organism / part of an organism ;
(causing a) change of, position / place ;

10(b)(ii) white blood (cell) ;
ciliated (cell) ;
palisade (mesophyll cell) ;

Question 11:-

Topic – (a) – C2.2 Ions and ionic compounds (Ion formation)

(b) – C3.1 Formulae and equations (Ionic compounds)

(d) – C4.2 Covalent bonding (Dot-and-cross diagrams)

(e) – C4.3 Giant structures (Properties of graphite and diamond)

(a) Element X is found in Group II of the Periodic Table.
State the formula of the ion formed by element X.
Tick (3) one box.

(b) Determine the formula of the compound formed by NH₄ ⁺ and CO₃ ^2– ions.
formula = …………………………………………………
(c) The number of subatomic particles in an ion is different from the number in a neutral atom.
Table 11.1 shows information about two different ions.
Complete Table 11.1.

(d) Carbon has the electronic structure 2.4.
Oxygen has the electronic structure 2.6.
Carbon reacts with oxygen to make carbon dioxide, CO2.
Complete the dot‑and‑cross diagram in Fig. 11.1 to show the bonding in carbon dioxide.
Only show the outer‑shell electrons.

(e) Carbon exists in several different forms.
Graphite and diamond are two of these forms.
Fig. 11.2 shows the structures of graphite and diamond.

(i) Explain why the structure of graphite makes it suitable for use as a lubricant.

(ii) Explain why the structure of diamond makes it suitable for use in cutting tools.

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans : 11(a) X²⁺ ;
11(b) (NH₄)₂CO₃ ;
11(c)

11(d)

double bonds between C and O atoms ;
rest of structure correct ;

11(e)(i) (graphite has) weak forces between the layers ;
layers can slide over each other / owtte ;

11(e)(ii) any two from:

(diamond) has many strong bonds ;
bonds are covalent bonds ;
(diamond has) giant molecular / macromolecular / giant tetrahedral / lattice / giant covalent, structure ;

Question 12:-

Topic – (a) – P3.2 Electromagnetic spectrum (X-ray properties)

(b) – P3.3 Sound waves (Ultrasound properties & wave types)

X‑rays are part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Hospitals use X‑rays for medical imaging.
(a) (i) State the speed of X‑rays.
…………………………………………… m/s
(ii) An X‑ray machine in a hospital uses X‑rays with a wavelength of 2.0 × 10^–11m.
Calculate the frequency of these X‑rays.
frequency = ……………………………………………. Hz
(b) Hospitals also use ultrasound waves for medical imaging.
(i) Ultrasound waves are high frequency sound waves which are longitudinal.
X‑rays are transverse waves.
Complete the sentences to describe the nature of longitudinal and transverse waves.
Longitudinal waves are produced by vibrations that are
…………………………………………………….. to the direction of energy transfer.
Transverse waves are produced by vibrations that are
……………………………………………………… to the direction of energy transfer.
(ii) During an ultrasound scan, ultrasound waves travel through gaseous air, solid bone and liquid blood.
Sound waves, including ultrasound waves, travel at different speeds in gases, solids and liquids.
Place the speed of sound in a gas, a solid and a liquid in order from fastest to slowest.
fastest …………………………………………………

slowest …………………………………………………

(c) Hospitals use radioactive tracers such as technetium‑99 (99 43 Tc) for medical imaging.
(i) 99 43 Tc has a half‑life of 6 hours.
Calculate the percentage of 99
43 Tc remaining in a sample after 24 hours.
percentage remaining = ………………………………………………%
(ii) 99 43 Tc is produced in hospitals from molybdenum‑99 (99 42Mo).
Use the correct nuclide notation to complete the decay equation for molybdenum‑99.

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans :

12(a)(i) 3 × 10⁸ (m / s) ;

12(a)(ii) (f =) v /λ/ 3 × 10⁸ / 2.0 ×10^–11 ;

(f =) 1.5 ×10¹⁹ (Hz) ;

12(b)(i) parallel AND perpendicular ;
12(b)(ii) solid
liquid
gas ;

12(c)(i) 4 half-lives ;
6.25 (%) ;

12(c)(ii) 0_–1β ;

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