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Question 1:

(a) Fig. 1.1 shows the parts of a human tooth.

(i) State the names of the parts labelled A and B in Fig. 1.1.

A ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
B ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) State the type of digestion that teeth are responsible for.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(b) Cavities are holes in the teeth caused by poor care of teeth.
A survey records the average number of cavities that 12‐year‐old school students have in one school.
Every five years, the survey is repeated with another group of 12‐year‐olds in the same school.
Fig. 1.2 shows a bar chart of the results.

(i) Calculate the percentage decrease in the average number of cavities between 1985 and 2015 in Fig. 1.2.

average number of cavities in 1985 ……………………………………
average number of cavities in 2015 ……………………………………

percentage decrease = ……………………………………………………%

(ii) Suggest three reasons for the trend seen in Fig. 1.2.

1 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(c) The mouth has a good supply of blood.
List two main components of blood.
1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans : 1(a)(i)
A – enamel ;
B– pulp (cavity) ;

1(a)(ii) mechanical ;
1(b)(i) 4.6 and 0.8 ;
((3.8 / 4.6) × 100) = 83 (%) ;

1(b)(ii) any three from:

improvement in dental care by people ;
improvement in dental, care / technology ;
reduction in consumption of sugar / more calcium in diet ;
ref to education ;
addition of fluoride to drinking water / toothpaste ;

1(c) any two from:
red blood cells ;
white blood cells ;
plasma ;
platelets ;

Question 2:

(a) A list of metals is shown

aluminium
copper
iron
lead
magnesium
platinum
sodium
Identify from the list the metal that is:
(i) found in Group I of the Periodic Table.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) extracted from the ore bauxite.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(iii) the main metal in the alloy steel.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(iv) used as inert electrodes in electrolysis.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

(b) Table 2.1 gives some information about the rate of reaction of four metals with cold water and with dilute hydrochloric acid.

(i) Deduce the order of reactivity of the four metals from the most reactive to the least reactive.

(ii) Only magnesium in Table 2.1 reacts with cold water.
Suggest one other metal, not from Table 2.1, that reacts quickly with cold water.

(iii) In an experiment, magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid as shown in Fig. 2.1.

State two ways of changing the dilute hydrochloric acid to make the reaction faster.
1 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iv) The word equation for the reaction between magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid is shown.
magnesium + hydrochloric acid → magnesium chloride + hydrogen

Complete the balanced symbol equation for this reaction.
Mg + ……..HCl → MgCl$_{2}$ + H$_{2}$

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans : 2(a)(i) sodium ;
2(a)(ii) aluminium ;
2(a)(iii) iron ;
2(a)(iv) platinum ;

2(b)(i) magnesium
zinc
iron
copper
magnesium and copper correct ;
zinc and iron correct ;

2(b)(ii) lithium, sodium, potassium etc. ;
2(b)(iii) increase concentration of acid ;
increase temperature of acid ;

2(b)(iv)2 HCl ;

Question 3:

(a) A torch (flashlight) contains two cells, a lamp and a switch connected in series.
Fig. 3.1 shows an incomplete circuit diagram for the torch.
(i) Complete the circuit diagram in Fig. 3.1 for the torch using electrical symbols.

Fig. 3.1

(ii) A voltmeter is connected to measure the potential difference across the lamp.
Add a voltmeter to your circuit diagram in Fig. 3.1 using the correct electrical symbol.
(iii) Fig. 3.2 shows a cell and lamp used in the torch.

Use information from Fig. 3.2 to explain why two cells are used to light the lamp.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iv) Use information from Fig. 3.2 to calculate the resistance of the lamp when lit.

resistance = ……………………………………………… Ω

(v) The cell provides an electromotive force (e.m.f.) to the circuit.
Complete the sentence.
The e.m.f. of an electrical source of energy is measured in ……………. .
(b) Fig. 3.3 shows a single ray of light from the torch shining on a mirror.

(i) State the relationship between angle K and angle L.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) State the name of the dotted line AB.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(iii) State what happens to the ray of light at point C.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans : 3(a)(i) correct symbols for lamp and switch ;
all in series and all else correct ;

3(a)(ii) voltmeter connected across the lamp ;

correct symbol ;

3(a)(iii) lamp needs 3.0 V so two 1.5 V cells ;
3(a)(iv) resistance = pd/current (in any form) or 3.0 / 1.5 ;

= 2.0 (Ω) ;

3(a)(v) volts ;
3(b)(i) angle K equals angle L ;
3(b)(ii) normal ;
3(b)(iii) reflected / reflection ;

Question 4:

(a) Fig. 4.1 shows a food web from a rainforest environment.

(i) Construct a food chain from Fig. 4.1 that includes the snake.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) Use Fig. 4.1 to identify one:
herbivore ………………………………………………………………………………………….
tertiary consumer. ………………………………………………………………………………………….

(iii) Removal of banana trees can cause the extinction of three‐toed sloths.
List two other undesirable effects of deforestation.

(b) Banana trees are producers that make their own carbohydrates.
State the two raw materials that producers need to make their own carbohydrates.
1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) A student makes a statement:
‘All carnivores are consumers but not all consumers are carnivores.’
Explain this statement.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) State the name of the type of organism that gets its energy from dead organic matter.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans : 4(a)(i) banana tree → howler monkey → snake ;;

4(a)(ii) herbivore howler monkey / three-toed sloth ;

tertiary consumer jaguar ;

4(a)(iii) any two from:

loss of soil / soil erosion ;
flooding ;
increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere ;
habitat destruction / animals displaced ;
decreased biodiversity ;
AVP ;;

4(b) carbon dioxide ;
water ;

4(c) consumers get their energy from eating animals or plants / consumers can be herbivores ;
carnivores get their energy from eating (only) animals ;

4(d) decomposer ;

Question 5:

(a) Ice is a solid. Water is a liquid. Steam is a gas.
Fig. 5.1 shows the different arrangement of the particles in ice, water and steam.

State and explain which diagram, A, B or C, shows the arrangement of particles in ice, water or steam.
ice is diagram ………….
explanation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
water is diagram ………….
explanation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
steam is diagram ………….
explanation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) A few drops of water are left in a cup in a warm room.
After a few hours, no water is left in the cup.
State the name of the process that has occurred.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Water is neutral.
State the pH number of pure water.
pH = ……………………..

(d) State why chlorine is added to water to make it safe to drink.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(e) The electronic structures for oxygen and hydrogen are shown in Fig. 5.2.

Complete the dot‐and‐cross diagram in Fig. 5.3 to show the arrangement of electrons in a molecule of water.
Show the outer‐shell electrons only.

(f) Sodium chloride is a solute. Water is a solvent.
Define the terms solute and solvent.
solute ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
solvent ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans : 5(a) ice is C – particles are in regular arrangement
water is B – particles are (mostly) touching and irregular arrangement
steam is A – particles are widely spaced
C B A ;
one correct explanation ;
three correct explanations ;

5(b) evaporation ;
5(c) 7 ;
5(d) kills bacteria ;

5(e)

1 pair of bonding electrons ;
all else correct ;

5(f) a solute – a substance that is dissolved in a solvent ;
a solvent – a substance / liquid that dissolves a solute ;

Question 6:

(a) A train travels between two stations X and Y.
Fig. 6.1 shows a speed–time graph for the journey.

(i) State the time taken for the journey from station X to station Y.

time = ………………………………………………. s
(ii) On Fig. 6.1, mark with the letter C a point on the graph when the train is travelling at a constant speed.

(iii) Calculate the distance travelled by the train between station X and station Y.

distance = ………………………………………………m
(b) Fig. 6.2 shows some railway track.
Railway track is made of lengths of steel rails with small gaps between them.

(i) Explain why leaving gaps in the rails avoids damage to the track in hot weather.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) A length of steel rail has a weight of 10270N.
The density of steel is 7870kg/m$^{3}$.
Calculate the volume of steel used to make the steel rail.
The gravitational force g on unit mass is 10N/kg.

volume = ……………………………………………. m$^{3}$

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans : 6(a)(i) 1200 (s) ;
6(a)(ii) anywhere between 200 s and 800 s ;
6(a)(iii) idea of area under graph ;

25× 200× 0.5 + 25× 600 + 25× 400× 0.5 or 2500 + 15 000 + 5000 ;

= 22 500 (m) ;

6(b)(i) gap allows track to expand / stops rail buckling when track expands ;
6(b)(ii) mass of rail = 1027 kg ;

volume = mass/density (in any form) or 1027 / 7870 ;
= 0.13 (m$^{3}$) ;

Question 7:

(a) Fig. 7.1 shows a cross‐section through human skin.

(i) Table 7.1 shows some information about two of the parts labelled in Fig. 7.1.
Complete Table 7.1.

(ii) A human has a fat layer in the skin of 3cm.
A whale has a fat layer in the skin of 50cm.
Explain why whales are better adapted to a cold environment.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(b) Tick (√) two boxes to show the role of the brain in the maintenance of internal body temperature.

(c) State the word that is used to describe the maintenance of a constant internal environment.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans : 7(a)(i)

7(a)(ii) whales have a thicker fat layer ;

fat provides insulation / ref to insulator etc ;

7(b)

7(c) homeostasis ;

Question 8:

(a) Petroleum is separated into different fractions.
Table 8.1 shows the percentage composition of a 500kg sample of petroleum.

(i) Identify fraction X.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) Most of the fractions are used as fuels.
State one other use for the naphtha fraction.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) State the name of the process used to separate petroleum into different fractions.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iv) Calculate the mass of diesel oil obtained from the 500kg sample of petroleum.

mass of diesel oil = …………………………………………….. kg
(v) State the two chemical elements present in the molecules of the fractions in Table 8.1.
……………………………………………………… and ………………………………………………………

(b) (i) Petroleum is a fossil fuel.
State the name of one other fossil fuel.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) When fossil fuels are burned, carbon dioxide is made.
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.
State the name of one other greenhouse gas.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(iii) Burning fossil fuels is a chemical change.
State two differences between a chemical change and a physical change.

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans : 8(a)(i) refinery gas ;
8(a)(ii) feedstock for making chemicals ;
8(a)(iii) fractional distillation ;
8(a)(iv) 130 (kg) ;
8(a)(v) carbon ;
hydrogen ;

8(b)(i) coal / natural gas ;
8(b)(ii) methane ;
8(b)(iii) chemical change cannot be reversed by physical means / easily ;

chemical change new substances are formed ;

Question 9:

(a) Fig. 9.1 shows four forces acting on a submarine.
The submarine is moving underwater from right to left.

(i) State which force A, B, C or D is the weight of the submarine.
……………………..
(ii) Force B has the same magnitude as force D.
Describe the motion of the submarine.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) The submarine is powered by a small nuclear reactor.
In the nuclear reactor, energy is released by the nuclear fission of an isotope of uranium.
(i) Describe what happens to an atom during nuclear fission.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii) Ionising radiation is released in the reactor during nuclear fission.
Suggest why the nuclear reactor is surrounded by a thick layer made of lead.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(c) Ultrasound waves have a frequency higher than the maximum audible frequency for a human.
(i) The submarine uses ultrasound waves to calculate the depth of the water below the submarine.

A pulse of ultrasound is sent through the water and reaches the sea floor after 0.8s.
Ultrasound waves travel through seawater at a speed of 1550m/ s.
Calculate the distance of the sea floor below the submarine.

distance = …………………………………………….. m

(ii) Ultrasound waves are not part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
State the name of one region of the electromagnetic spectrum and give one use for waves in this region.
name …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
use ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans : 9(a)(i) C ;
9(a)(ii) (moving at) constant speed ;
9(b)(i) nucleus ;
splits ;

9(b)(ii) Stop the escape of / provide better shielding from ionising radiation OWTTE ;
9(c)(i) distance = speed × time (in any form) or 1550 × 0.8 ;

= 1240 (m) ;

9(c)(ii) region ;
correct use ;

Question 10:

(a) Fig. 10.1 shows the activity of some bacterial enzymes at different temperatures.

Complete the sentences to describe the results in Fig. 10.1.
The only two enzymes active at 60°C are enzymes ………………….. and ……………………
The greatest activity for enzyme E is at ………………….. °C.
The enzyme active over the greatest range of temperatures is enzyme ……………………
(b) State one factor, other than temperature, that affects enzyme activity.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) Enzymes are proteins.
Circle the elements that all proteins are made from.

carbon calcium hydrogen

oxygen nitrogen

(d) State the name of the solution used to test for the presence of protein.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(e) The boxes on the left show some biological molecules.
The boxes on the right show the smaller molecules they are made from.
Draw lines to link each biological molecule to all the smaller molecules they are made from.

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans : 10(a) C ;
D ;
95 (°C) ;
C ;

10(b) pH / avp ;
10(c) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen all circled ;

10(d) biuret ;

10(e)

;;;

Question 11:

(a) A calcium atom has a proton number of 20 and a nucleon number of 40.
Deduce the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in this atom of calcium.
number of protons ……………..
number of neutrons ……………..
number of electrons ……………..

(b) When calcium atoms react, they change into calcium ions, Ca2+.
Describe how calcium atoms change into calcium ions.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Lime is produced from limestone, calcium carbonate, by thermal decomposition.
(i) State the chemical name for lime.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) State the name of the gas formed in this thermal decomposition reaction.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) Explain why farmers spread limestone onto soil that is used for growing crops.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(d) The main compound in limestone is calcium carbonate, CaCO$_{3}$.
(i) State the number of different elements in calcium carbonate.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) State the total number of atoms shown in the formula CaCO$_{3}$.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans : 11(a) protons = 20 ;
neutrons = 20 ;
electrons = 20 ;

11(b) loses electrons ;
2 electrons ;
11(c)(i) calcium oxide ;
11(c)(ii) carbon dioxide ;
11(c)(iii) neutralise acidic soil ;
11(d)(i) 3 ;
11(d)(ii) 5 ;

Question 12:

(a) The driver of a car fills the fuel tank with gasoline (petrol).
As the gasoline flows into the fuel tank, the gasoline becomes charged.
(i) State the force that causes the gasoline to become charged.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) State the name and the charge on the particles transferred when the gasoline

becomes charged.
name ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
charge ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(b) Some of the gasoline spills onto the hand of the driver.
The gasoline evaporates and the driver’s hand cools down.
Explain this cooling effect.
Use ideas about molecules in your answer.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) (i) During a journey in the car, the car engine transfers 5.8 × 10$^{7}$ J of useful energy to the car.

State the work done on the car by the car engine.
State the unit of your answer.

work done = ………………………………. unit ……………….

(ii) During the journey, the air in the tyres of the car warms up.
Describe what happens to the motion of the air particles in the tyres as the air warms up.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(d) The windscreen wipers on the car are powered by an electric motor.
The turning effect on the current‐carrying coil in the electric motor can be increased by increasing the magnetic field strength.
(i) State one other way to increase the turning effect on the coil.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) The moment of a force is a measure of its turning effect.
Complete the sentence to describe how to calculate the moment of a force.
The moment of a force is calculated by multiplying the ……………………….. by the perpendicular distance from the ………………………… .

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans : 12(a)(i) friction ;
12(a)(ii) electron ;
negative ;
12(b) the most energetic molecules escape ;
average speed / energy of remaining molecules is lower ;
12(c)(i) 5.8 × 10$^{7}$ ;
J ;
12(c)(ii) move faster ;
12(d)(i) increase current / voltage
or
increase number of turns ;
12(d)(ii) force ;
pivot ;

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