Question 1
Subtopic: B9.2 Heart (Transport in animals)
(a) A student measures their pulse rate at rest, during and after exercise. Fig. 1.1 shows the results.
(i) Calculate the difference in pulse rate between the pulse rate at rest and the maximum pulse rate of the student. (Sub-topic – B9.2)
pulse rate at rest …………………………………………….. beats per minute
maximum pulse rate ……………………………………………… beats per minute
difference ……………………………………………… beats per minute
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Pulse rate at rest = 72 bpm
Maximum pulse rate = 115 bpm
Difference = 115 – 72 = 43 bpm
(ii) Calculate the length of time taken for the student’s pulse rate to return to the resting value once exercise had stopped. (Sub-topic – B9.2)
……………………………………………. min
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Time taken = 20 minutes
(b) Fig. 1.2 is a photomicrograph of a cross section of a human vein.
(i) Name a structure present in veins but not visible in Fig. 1.2. (Sub-topic – B9.3)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Valves
(ii) Describe two ways in which the structure of arteries is different from the vein shown in Fig. 1.2. (Sub-topic – B9.3)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
any two from:
thicker wall ;
muscle / elastic fibres ;
no valves ;
narrower lumen ;
(iii) Describe the function of capillaries. (Sub-topic – B9.3)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
transfer of (named) substances (to / from, tissues / cells) ;
(c) Table 1.1 shows some blood vessels and some organs. (Sub-topic – B9.3)
Place ticks (✓) in the boxes to show which blood vessels transport blood to these organs.
One row has been done for you.
Table 1.1
| heart | kidney | lung | |
|---|---|---|---|
| coronary artery | |||
| pulmonary artery | |||
| renal artery | |||
| vena cava | ✓ |
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
| heart | kidney | lung | |
|---|---|---|---|
| coronary artery | ✓ | ||
| pulmonary artery | ✓ | ||
| renal artery | ✓ | ||
| vena cava | ✓ |
(d) List two of the main components of blood. (Sub-topic- B9.4)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
any two from:
red blood cells ;
white blood cells ;
plasma ;
platelets ;
Question 2
Subtopic: C2.2 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table (Atoms, elements, and compounds)
(a) The formula of sulfuric acid is \( H_2SO_4 \).
(i) State the number of different elements shown in this formula. (Sub-topic – C2.1)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
3 (Hydrogen, Sulfur, Oxygen)
(ii) State the total number of atoms shown in this formula. (Sub-topic – C2.1)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
7 (2 Hydrogen, 1 Sulfur, 4 Oxygen)
(b) Fig. 2.1 shows the electrolysis of dilute sulfuric acid using carbon electrodes.
(i) Name gas P and gas Q. (Sub-topic – C4.1)
gas P ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
gas Q ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Gas P: Oxygen
Gas Q: Hydrogen
(ii) State the name of the positive electrode. (Sub-topic – C4.1)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Anode
(c) Dilute sulfuric acid reacts with some metals.
(i) Suggest a pH for dilute sulfuric acid. (Sub-topic – C7.1)
pH ……………………….
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Any number less than 7 (e.g., pH 1 or 2)
(ii) State a metal element that does not react with dilute sulfuric acid. (Sub-topic – C7.1)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Copper
(iii) Name the gas made when dilute sulfuric acid reacts with zinc. (Sub-topic – C7.1)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Hydrogen
(iv) When dilute sulfuric acid reacts with zinc, an aqueous solution of zinc sulfate is made.
State a method used to separate zinc sulfate from water. (Sub-topic – C12.4)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Evaporation or crystallisation
Question 3
Subtopic: P2.3.1 Conduction (Transfer of thermal energy)
(a) Fig. 3.1 shows water in a saucepan on an electric cooker. (Sub-topic – P2.3.1)
State the process that transfers thermal energy through the base of the saucepan.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Conduction
(b) The temperature of the water is recorded as the saucepan is heated. (Sub-topic – P2.2.2)
Fig. 3.2 shows a graph of the results.
(i) State the temperature rise over the first 2 minutes.
……………….. °C
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
38 °C
(ii) State how the graph shows that the water boils at 100°C.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
The temperature stops increasing at 100°C, indicating that the water is boiling.
(c) (i) The saucepan is made from steel.
State one difference between the magnetic properties of steel and the magnetic properties of soft iron. (Sub-topic – P4.1)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Steel is magnetised slowly and retains its magnetism, while soft iron is magnetised quickly but loses its magnetism easily.
(ii) The mass of steel used to make the saucepan is 900g.
The volume of the steel is 115cm3.
Calculate the density of the steel used to make the saucepan.
State the units of your answer. (Sub-topic – P1.4)
density = ……………………………. units …………..
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Density = mass + volume
or mass value ÷ volume value
or 900 + 115 = 7.83 g/cm3
(d) When the base of the steel saucepan is heated, the steel expands. (Sub-topic – P2.2.1)
(i) State one example where the thermal expansion of a material is useful.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
(liquid in glass) thermometers / bimetallic strips ;
(ii) State one example where the thermal expansion of a material is a problem.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
bridges / roads / overhead electricity cables etc. ;
Question 4
Subtopic: B18.2 Food chains and food webs (Organisms and their environment)
(a) Fig. 4.1 shows part of a desert food web. (Sub-topic – B18.2)
(i) Identify the name of one producer in Fig. 4.1.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Yucca plant or prickly pear
(ii) Identify the name of one herbivore in Fig. 4.1.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Rat or rabbit
(iii) Identify the name of an organism that can be classified as both a secondary and tertiary consumer.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Hawk
(iv) Use Fig. 4.1 to construct a food chain containing four organisms.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Yucca plant → rabbit → fox → hawk
or prickly pear → rat → fox → hawk
or prickly pear → rabbit → fox → hawk
correct organisms ;
correct arrows (direction of energy transfer) ;
(b) A new species is introduced that eats yucca plants.
Explain the effect this has on the population of rabbits. (Sub-topic – B18.2)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
number of rabbits decrease ;
more competition for food / less food to eat ;
(c) State the term used to describe organisms that get their energy from dead organic matter. (Sub-topic – B18.2)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Decomposers
(d) State the principal source of energy for all food chains. (Sub-topic – B18.1)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
The Sun
(e) Plants play an important role in the carbon cycle.
Describe how an increase in plant population affects the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. (Sub-topic – B18.3)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
more carbon dioxide removed ;
used as material for photosynthesis ;
Question 5
Subtopic: C11.3 Fuels (Organic chemistry)
(a) Petroleum is separated into useful fractions by fractional distillation. (Sub-topic – C11.3)
Fig. 5.1 shows a simplified diagram for the fractional distillation of petroleum.
(i) On Fig. 5.1 write the names of the missing fractions in their correct place.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
The missing fractions are:
1. Gasoline
2. Bitumen
(ii) State one use for the refinery gas fraction.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Used as fuel for heating and cooking.
(iii) State why the process of fractional distillation is a physical change and not a chemical change.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
No new substances are formed during fractional distillation; it only involves the separation of different components based on their boiling points.
(b) The diesel oil fraction is used as a fuel. (Sub-topic – C11.3)
(i) Diesel oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
State what is meant by the term hydrocarbon.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
substance that contains carbon and hydrogen (atoms) ;
only ;
(ii) State the two products of the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
1. Carbon dioxide
2. Water
(c) Sub-topic – C11.5
(i) Name the process that produces small alkene molecules from larger alkane molecules.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Cracking
(ii) State how the molecular structure of an alkane molecule differs from the molecular structure of an alkene molecule.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
alkane does not contain a C-C double bond / alkene does contain a C-C double bond / contains only single bonds ;
(iii) Aqueous bromine is used to test for an alkene.
State the colour change when aqueous bromine reacts with an alkene.
from ……………………………………………. to …………………………………………….
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
From orange to colourless.
Question 6
Subtopic: P4.3.2 Series and parallel circuits (Electrical circuits)
(a) The total current supplied to a television when in use is 3A.
(i) The fuse in the electrical supply to the television is replaced.
Several fuse ratings are available.
1A 3A 5A 13A 30A
State which fuse should be used.
Explain your answer. (Sub-topic – P4.4)
fuse …………. A
explanation …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Fuse: 5A
smallest rating above working current ;
(ii) The electrical supply to the television is 120 V.
Calculate the total resistance of the television. (Sub-topic – P4.2.4)
resistance = ………………………………………………Ω
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Resistance = Voltage / Current = 120V / 3A = 40 Ω
(b) The television is connected to a power socket which also supplies electricity to a kettle and an electric heater. The power socket is next to a kitchen sink.
Fig. 6.1 shows the power socket.
State and explain one reason why this arrangement is not safe. (Sub-topic – P4.4)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
insulation broken or missing ;
fire hazard / overheating ;
or
socket overloaded ;
fire hazard / overheating ;
or
socket too close to water ;
danger of electrocution ;
(c) Television signals are carried by radio waves.
(i) On Fig. 6.2 write radio waves in the correct place in the incomplete electromagnetic spectrum. (Sub-topic – P3.3)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
radio waves in right hand box ;
(ii) Fig. 6.3 represents an electromagnetic wave.
On Fig. 6.3 mark and label one wavelength. (Sub-topic – P3.1)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
peak to peak / trough to trough / equivalent ;
(d) Fig. 6.4 shows a ray of light from the television reflecting at a plane mirror. (Sub-topic – P3.2.1)
(i) Identify the line labelled X.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Normal
(ii) Label the angle of reflection with the letter r .
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
between ray and normal ;
(iii) The angle of reflection is \( 30^\circ \).
State the angle of incidence.
angle = ………………………………………………. °
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Angle of incidence = 30°
Question 7
Subtopic: B3.2 Osmosis (Movement into and out of cells)
(a) A student puts potato cubes in sugar solutions of different concentrations.
The student records the mass of the potato cubes before and after immersion.
The results are shown in Table 7.1. (Sub-topic – B3.2)
(i) Identify all the sugar solutions where the potato cubes lose mass.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
C, D, and E
(ii) Describe how water is lost from the cells of the potato cubes.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
by osmosis ;
through, cell / partially permeable, membrane ;
AVP ;
(iii) Suggest which suj=-ar solution has the same concentration as the cells inside the potato.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Solution B
(b) When an animal cell is placed in a very dilute sugar solution it will burst.
Name the structure that stops plant cells bursting in very dilute sugar solutions. (Sub-topic – B2.1)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Cell wall
(c) Place ticks (✓) in two boxes to show two uses of water in a plant. (Sub-topic – B6.1)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
– As a solvent
– As a material for photosynthesis
(d) The list shows the parts involved in the pathway of water through a plant. (Sub-topic – B8.2)
Write numbers next to each part to show the correct order 1–4.
Number 1 has been done for you.
mesophyll cells ……………….
root cortex cells ……………..
root hair cells ……1……….
xylem ………………
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
– Root hair cells: 1
– Root cortex cells: 2
– Xylem: 3
– Mesophyll cells: 4
Question 8
Subtopic: C2.3 Isotopes (Atoms, elements, and compounds)
(a) Two isotopes of iron are iron-54 and iron-56.
Both isotopes have a proton number of 26.
Iron-54 has a nucleon number of 54 and iron-56 has a nucleon number of 56.
(i) State the number of electrons in one atom of iron-54. (Sub-topic – C2.2)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
26
(ii) Determine the difference in the number of neutrons between an atom of iron-54 and an atom of iron-56. (Sub-topic – C2.3)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
2
(b) Iron is extracted from iron oxide using carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide is also made. (Sub-topic – C6.3)
(i) Write the word equation for this reaction.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Iron oxide + carbon monoxide → iron + carbon dioxide
(ii) State the substance that is oxidised in this reaction.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Carbon monoxide
(c) Iron reacts with two other substances to make rust. (Sub-topic – C9.5)
(i) Name the element and the compound that react with iron when it rusts.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Element: Oxygen
Compound: Water
(ii) Iron is coated with a material to prevent rusting.
Suggest one suitable material to use.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Paint
Question 9
Subtopic: P5.2.4 Half-life (Radioactivity)
(a) Describe two advantages of generating electricity using nuclear fission compared to generating electricity using fossil fuels. (Sub-topic – P5.1)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
1. No CO2 emissions, which helps reduce global warming.
2. Fossil fuels are conserved for other purposes, such as transportation and industrial use.
(b) One disadvantage of nuclear power is that nuclear waste is made.
A sample of nuclear waste contains 2.00 g of nickel-63.
(i) The half-life of nickel-63 is 100 years.
Calculate the mass of nickel-63 remaining in the sample after 300 years. (Sub-topic – P5.2.4)
mass = ……………………………………………… g
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
After 300 years (3 half-lives), the mass of nickel-63 remaining = 2.00 g / 23 = 0.25 g
(ii) Suggest a safe way of storing this sample of nuclear waste at a nuclear power station. (Sub-topic – P5.2.5)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Store the nuclear waste in lead-lined containers underground.
(iii) Nuclear waste emits ionising radiation.
Fig. 9.1 shows three types of ionising radiation and their descriptions.
Draw lines to link each type of ionising radiation to its correct description.
type of radiation α-particle β-particle γ-ray description electromagnetic wave electron helium nucleus Fig. 9.1 (Sub-topic – P5.2.2)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
– α-particle: Helium nucleus
– β-particle: Electron
– γ-ray: Electromagnetic wave
(c) In most power stations thermal energy is released and used to heat water. The water is turned into steam.
Fig. 9.2 shows the arrangement of particles in a gas, a liquid and a solid.
State and explain why diagram Y represents a liquid and diagram Z represents a gas. (Sub-topic – P2.1.1)
Diagram Y represents a liquid because …………………………………………………………………………
Diagram Z represents a gas because …………………………………………………………………………..
▶️Answer/Explanation
Answer:
Diagram Y represents a liquid because the particles are randomly arranged and most are touching.
Diagram Z represents a gas because the particles are widely spaced and randomly arranged.
Question 10
Subtopic: B13.2 Hormones (Coordination and response)
(a) Use words from the list to complete the sentences about adrenaline.
Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all. (Sub-topic: B13.2)
breathing exercise fight narrow rest widen
Adrenaline is the hormone secreted in ‘ ………………….. or flight’ situations.
Adrenaline increases pulse rate and ………………….. rate.
Adrenaline also causes pupils in the eye to ……………… .
▶️Answer/Explanation
Adrenaline is the hormone secreted in ‘fight or flight’ situations.
Adrenaline increases pulse rate and breathing rate.
Adrenaline also causes pupils in the eye to widen.
(b) The boxes on the left show some sentence beginnings.
The boxes on the right show some sentence endings.
Draw one line to link one box on the left to one box on the right to define the term hormone. (Sub-topic: B13.2)
▶️Answer/Explanation
left hand box ;
right hand box ;
(c) State the two parts of the central nervous system (CNS). (Sub-topic: B13.1)
▶️Answer/Explanation
- Brain
- Spinal cord
(d) A student describes a nerve impulse.
The description is not correct.
‘A nerve impulse is a chemical signal that passes along nerve cells called connectors.’
Circle the two words in the student’s description that are not correct. (Sub-topic: B13.1)
▶️Answer/Explanation
The two incorrect words are: chemical and connectors.
A nerve impulse is an electrical signal that passes along nerve cells called neurons.
Question 11
Subtopic: C8.3 Group VII properties (The Periodic Table)
(a) Table 11.1 contains data for some elements in Group VII of the Periodic Table. (Sub-topic: C8.3)
| Element | Formula | Physical state at room temperature |
|---|---|---|
| Chlorine | Cl2 | |
| Bromine | Br2 | Liquid |
| Iodine | Solid |
(i) State the formula of iodine.
(ii) Explain why a chlorine molecule is described as diatomic.
(iii) Predict the physical state of chlorine.
(iv) State the name given to the elements in Group VII of the Periodic Table.
▶️Answer/Explanation
(i) The formula of iodine is I2.
(ii) A chlorine molecule is described as diatomic because it consists of two atoms bonded together.
(iii) The physical state of chlorine is gas.
(iv) The elements in Group VII of the Periodic Table are called halogens.
(b) Sub-topic: C8.3
(i) Explain why the drinking water supply for a large town is treated with chlorine.
(ii) Describe the chemical test for chlorine and give the positive result.
test ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
result …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
▶️Answer/Explanation
(i) The drinking water supply is treated with chlorine to kill microorganisms/bacteria and make the water safe for consumption.
(ii) The chemical test for chlorine involves using damp litmus paper. The positive result is that the litmus paper is bleached (turns white).
(c) Hydrogen and chlorine combine to produce hydrogen chloride (HCl). (Sub-topic: C2.5)
(i) Balance the symbol equation for this reaction.
H2 + Cl2 → …… HCl
(ii) Complete the dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of hydrogen chloride, HCl.
You only need to show the outer shell electrons.
(iii) State why hydrogen chloride is a covalent compound and not an ionic compound.
▶️Answer/Explanation
(i) The balanced symbol equation is:
H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
(ii) The dot and cross diagram for HCl:
H (1 electron) + Cl (7 electrons) → H:Cl (shared pair of electrons).
(iii) Hydrogen chloride is a covalent compound because it is formed by the sharing of electrons between hydrogen and chlorine, which are both non-metals. Ionic compounds are formed by the transfer of electrons between metals and non-metals.
Question 12
Subtopic: P1.2 Motion (Motion, forces, and energy)
(a) Fig. 12.1 is a speed-time graph for an aircraft taking off. (Sub-topic: P1.2)
(i) Calculate the distance travelled between t = 0 s and t = 25 s.
distance = …………………………………………….. m
(ii) On Fig. 12.1, identify a time when the aircraft has the greatest acceleration.
time = ……………………… s
explanation …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) State two types of energy gained by the aircraft as it accelerates and gains height after take-off.
1 ………………………………………………………… energy
2 ………………………………………………………… energy
▶️Answer/Explanation
(i) The distance travelled between t = 0 s and t = 25 s is 575 m.
Explanation: The area under the speed-time graph represents distance. For the first 25 seconds, the graph forms a triangle. The area of the triangle is calculated as:
Area = ½ × base × height = ½ × 25 s × 46 m/s = 575 m.
(ii) The greatest acceleration occurs between t = 0 s and t = 34 s.
Explanation: The steepest gradient on the speed-time graph indicates the greatest acceleration. This occurs during the initial phase of take-off.
(iii) The two types of energy gained by the aircraft are:
- Kinetic energy
- Gravitational potential energy
(b) Fig. 12.2 shows the four forces, A, B, C, and D, acting on the aircraft flying at a constant height and constant speed. (Sub-topic: P1.5)
(i) Compare the forces B and D. Explain your answer.
(ii) State which force, A, B, C, or D, shows the weight of the aircraft.
force …………………………
(iii) The weight of the aircraft is 1 × 106 N.
Calculate the mass of the aircraft in kg.
The gravitational field strength g is 10 N/kg.
mass = ……………………………………………. kg
▶️Answer/Explanation
(i) Forces B and D are equal and opposite.
Explanation: Since the aircraft is flying at a constant height and constant speed, the forces acting on it must be balanced. Force B (thrust) and Force D (drag) are equal in magnitude but act in opposite directions.
(ii) The force that shows the weight of the aircraft is C.
Explanation: Weight acts vertically downward, and in the diagram, Force C represents the gravitational force (weight) acting on the aircraft.
(iii) The mass of the aircraft is 100,000 kg.
Explanation: Using the formula:
Weight = mass × gravitational field strength (g)
1 × 106 N = mass × 10 N/kg
Mass = 1 × 106 N / 10 N/kg = 100,000 kg.