Question 1:
Topic – B15.4 Sexual reproduction in humans
(a) Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of the female reproductive system in humans.
Identify the letter from Fig. 1.1 that represents the part where:
eggs are released …………………………
fertilisation occurs …………………………
implantation occurs …………………………
meiosis occurs …………………………
(b) A zygote divides to form an embryo.
Describe this type of cell division.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) During pregnancy the growing baby is supported by the placenta, umbilical cord,
amniotic fluid and amniotic sac.
(i) State the function of the amniotic fluid.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Identify the letter from Fig. 1.1 that represents the part where:
eggs are released …………………………
fertilisation occurs …………………………
implantation occurs …………………………
meiosis occurs …………………………
(b) A zygote divides to form an embryo.
Describe this type of cell division.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) During pregnancy the growing baby is supported by the placenta, umbilical cord, amniotic fluid and amniotic sac.
(i) State the function of the amniotic fluid.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: 1(a) B ;
A ;
E ;
B ;
1(b) any three from:
mitosis ;
nuclear division ;
production of genetically identical cells ;
ref to duplication of chromosomes (before mitosis) ;
1(c)(i) protection (from mechanical damage) ;
1(c)(ii) any three from:
placenta provides a barrier to toxins ;
umbilical cord passes, oxygen / nutrients, to fetus (blood) ;
umbilical cord passes, excretory products / carbon dioxide, to mothers (blood) ;
ref to exchange of materials by diffusion (across the placenta) ;
Question 2:
Topic – C2.3 Isotopes
The element carbon exists as 3 naturally occurring isotopes.
Fig. 2.1 shows an atom of one isotope, carbon-14.
(a) (i) Complete the labels on Fig. 2.1.
(ii) Fig. 2.2 shows an atom of a different isotope of carbon.
Complete Fig. 2.2 to show the particles in the nucleus of one of the other two isotopes of carbon.
(iii) The different isotopes of carbon all have the same chemical properties.
Explain why.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide.
State the test for carbon dioxide and its positive result.
test ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
positive result ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Compounds that only contain carbon and hydrogen can form compounds with only single covalent bonds.
Complete the sentence about these compounds.
Choose words from the list.
Carbon and hydrogen compounds with only single covalent bonds are called ………………………… ………………………… .
▶️Answer/Explanatio
Ans: 2(a)(i)
2(a)(ii) 6 protons ;
6 or 7 neutrons ;
2(a)(iii) same number of electrons in the outer shell ;
2(b) test: limewater ;
observation: milky / cloudy / white precipitate ;
2(c) saturated ;
hydrocarbons ;
Question 3:
Topic – P4.3 Electrical circuits
Fig. 3.1 shows a circuit used by students investigating how the resistance of a metal wire varies with length.
(a) The students use an ammeter and a voltmeter to measure the current in and potential difference across the wire.
(i) Complete Fig. 3.1 to show the correct symbols and positions for the ammeter and the voltmeter.
(ii) When the wire is 20cm long, the ammeter reads 0.80A and the voltmeter reads 3.0V.
Calculate the resistance of the wire. State the correct unit for your answer.
resistance = ……………………. unit ……………………
(iii) On Fig. 3.2 sketch a graph to show how the resistance of the wire varies with length.
(b) The student notices that when the circuit is left switched on, the wire becomes warm.
Describe how conduction transfers thermal energy in the metal wire.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: 3(a)(i)
3(a)(ii) (R =) V ÷ I / 3(.0) ÷ 0.8(0) ;
R =) 3.8 ;
ohms / Ω ;
3(a)(iii)
positive gradient ;
straight line ;
3(b) atoms vibrate ;
(idea that) vibrations passed on to next atom ;
(idea of) transfer by (free) electrons ;
Question 4:
Topic – B8.2 Water uptake
(a) A student investigates the effect of humidity on the rate of water uptake in plant shoots.
Fig. 4.1 shows the apparatus they use.
The student measures the distance moved by the air bubble in 2 minutes.
The student then covers the plant shoot with a plastic bag to increase the humidity and repeats the investigation.
The results are used to calculate the rate of movement of the air bubble.
Table 4.1 shows their results.
(i) Calculate the rate of movement of the air bubble at low humidity and complete Table 4.1.
(ii) The rate of water uptake is approximately equivalent to the rate of transpiration.
Complete the sentences to describe and explain the results in Table 4.1.
When the humidity is increased the distance moved by the air bubble in 2 minutes
decreased by ……………………………………. mm.
Higher humidity means the concentration of water vapour in the air around the leaf increases.
This decreases the concentration ……………………………………. between the inside and
the outside of the leaf.
Less water is lost from the surfaces of the mesophyll cells by the process of ……………………………….
Less water vapour diffuses through the ……………………………………. .
(iii) Suggest why not all the water taken up by the roots of the plant is lost to the atmosphere.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iv) State one other factor that affects the rate of transpiration.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Xylem vessels can draw up a column of water through transpiration pull.
(i) Describe how transpiration pull causes the movement of water molecules.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) State the term used to describe how the water molecules are held together in the column of water.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) State one other substance transported in the xylem.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: 4(a)(i) 10.5 (mm / min) ;
4(a)(ii) 6(.0) (mm) ;
gradient ;
transpiration / evaporation ;
stomata ;
4(a)(iii) used in photosynthesis / used to support cells ;
4(a)(iv) temperature / AVP ;
4(b)(i) creates a difference in water potential (gradient between top and bottom of xylem) ;
4(b)(ii) cohesion ;
4(b)(iii) mineral ions ;
Question 5:
Topic – C8.3 Group VII properties
Table 5.1 gives some information about the properties of the Group VII elements.
(a) (i) Predict the boiling point of chlorine.
Write your answer in Table 5.1.
(ii) Predict the state at room temperature of bromine.
Write your answer in Table 5.1.
(b) Bromine has a lower boiling point than iodine.
Tick (√) one box to show the correct explanation.
Bromine is a covalent compound and iodine is an ionic compound. 
Bromine is more reactive than iodine.
The covalent bonds between bromine atoms are weaker.
The forces between bromine molecules are weaker.
(c) Chlorine, Cl$_{2}$, reacts with sodium bromide, NaBr.
Sodium chloride, NaCl, and bromine are made.
(i) Construct the balanced symbol equation for this reaction.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Sodium chloride is an ionic compound.
A sodium atom has an electronic structure of 2.8.1.
A chlorine atom has an electronic structure of 2.8.7.
Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the ions formed when sodium bonds with chlorine.
Include the charges on the ions.
(iii) Concentrated aqueous sodium chloride conducts electricity.
Tick (√) one box to show the correct explanation.
Concentrated aqueous sodium chloride contains electrons which can move.
Concentrated aqueous sodium chloride contains ions which can move.
Concentrated aqueous sodium chloride contains the metal sodium.
Concentrated aqueous sodium chloride contains water.
(iv) State the name of the product at the anode in the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: 5(a)(i) answer in the inclusive range – 122 to – 30 °C ;
5(a)(ii) liquid ;
5(b) the forces between bromine molecules are weaker 
;
5(c)(i) Cl$_{2}$ + 2NaBr → 2NaCl + Br$_{2}$
formulae ;
balancing ;
5(c)(ii)
electronic structure of sodium ion as 2.8 ;
electronic structure of chloride ion as 2.8.8 ;
sodium + (1) and chloride – (1) ;
5(c)(iii) concentrated aqueous sodium chloride contains ions which can move ;
5(c)(iv) chlorine ;
Question 6:
Topic – C4.1 Electrolysis
(iv) State the name of the product at the anode in the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(i) The refractive index of the transparent block is 1.55.
The angle of incidence is 45°. Calculate the angle of refraction.
angle of refraction = …………………………………………………°
(ii) Information can be transmitted using the total internal reflection of light in an optical fibre.
Fig. 6.2 shows a ray of light entering an optical fibre.
On Fig. 6.2 complete the ray diagram to show how an optical fibre can transmit light along the fibre.
(iii) State what is meant by the term critical angle.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Lasers are used to produce light of one single wavelength.
A battery powered laser has a power output of 0.0060W and an efficiency of 40%.
(i) Calculate the power input provided by the laser’s batteries.
power input = ………………………………………………W
(ii) A battery of three 1.5V cells in a laser provides 20.0C of charge before the cells need replacing.
Calculate how long this battery will power the laser for.
time = ……………………………s
▶️Answer/Explanatio
Ans: 6(a)(i)
sin $r\frac{sin45}{1.55}$ ;
(r =) 27(°) ;
6(a)(ii)
only TIR ;
correct angles ;
6(a)(iii) minimum angle of incidence for TIR to occur ;
6(b)(i) $(efficiency=)\frac{0.0060}{40}\times 100 of (efficiency=)\frac{power output}{power input}\times 100$
(power input=)0.015(w)
6(b)(ii) (I =) P / V or 0.015 / 4.5 or 0.00333 (A) ;
(t = Q / I =) 20.0 / 0.00333 ;
(t =) 6000 (s) ;
Question 7:
Topic – B7.2 Digestive system
(a) Fig. 7.1 is a diagram of a villus.
(i) State the name of the part labelled Y in Fig. 7.1.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Describe the function of the part labelled X in Fig. 7.1.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) State where villi are found in the alimentary canal.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Coeliac disease is a condition which causes the villi to become inflamed and flattened.
Explain why coeliac disease may cause weight loss.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Table 7.1 shows some digestive enzymes, their substrates and product(s).
Complete Table 7.1.
(d) State two parts of the alimentary canal where protease is secreted.
1 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: 7(a)(i) capillary ;
7(a)(ii) absorption of fats ;
7(a)(iii) small intestine ;
7(b) smaller surface area (of villi / small intestine) ;
(idea of) less nutrients absorbed ;
7(c)
;;
four correct = 2 marks
two or three correct = 1 mark
one correct = 0 marks
7(d) any two from:
stomach ;
pancreas ;
small intestine ;
Question 8:
Topic – C9.4 Reactivity series
A student investigates the reaction between large marble chips and excess dilute hydrochloric acid.
Fig. 8.1 shows the apparatus they use.
The student measures the total volume of carbon dioxide gas every 30 seconds.
Fig. 8.2 shows a graph of the student’s results.
(a) (i) State the time at which the reaction stops.
time = ………………………………………………. s
(ii) The student repeats the experiment using 20g of small marble chips, instead of 20g of large marble chips.
Sketch a line on Fig. 8.2 to show the results you would expect.
(b) The student repeats the experiment again.
This time the student uses:
• the same mass of small marble chips
• the same volume of hydrochloric acid
• more concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Explain, using ideas about collisions between particles, why the reaction is faster.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) The reaction between marble chips and dilute hydrochloric acid is an example of an exothermic reaction.
Use the axes shown in Fig. 8.3 to draw and label the energy level diagram for this type of reaction.
Label:
• the energy levels of the reactants and the products
• the energy change in the reaction
• the activation energy of the reaction.
(d) When 5g of marble chips, CaCO$_{3}$, react with dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl, 2.2g of carbon dioxide is produced.
CaCO$_{3}$ + 2HCl → CaCl$_{2}$ + H$_{2}$O + CO$_{2}$
Calculate the volume occupied by this 2.2g of carbon dioxide gas.
The molar gas volume at room temperature and pressure is 24dm$^{3}$.
volume of carbon dioxide gas = ………………………………………….. dm$^{3}$
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: 8(a)(i) 240 (s) ;
8(a)(ii) line starting at the origin but steeper than the original ;
levels off at 80 (cm$^{3}$) ;
8(b) particles are more crowded / more particles per unit volume /
more particles per cm$^{3}$;
more collisions ;
more frequent collisions / more collisions per second ;
8(c)
products shown below reactants ;
energy change or ΔH correctly clearly indicated and labelled ;
activation energy clearly indicated and labelled ;
8(d) Mr of CO$_{2}$ = 44 ;
moles of CO$_{2}$ = 0.05 ;
volume of H$_{2}$ (= 0.05 × 24) = 1.2 dm$^{3}$;
Question 9:
Topic – P4.5 Electromagnetic effects
Fig. 9.1 shows a simple d.c. motor with a coil of wire containing 100 turns.
(a) The current in the coil causes forces to act on the coil, which make it turn about its axis.
(i) Fig. 9.1 shows a force of 1.2N acting at 90° to the coil, at a distance of 3.5cm from the axis.
Calculate the moment of the force on the coil.
moment = …………………………………………… Nm
(ii) Suggest how the magnitude of the force in (a)(i) changes when both the number of turns
on the coil is doubled and the current is doubled.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Fig. 9.2 shows a toy boat. The toy boat uses a motor similar to that shown in Fig. 9.1 to propel the toy boat across a pond.
The toy boat has a mass of 0.60kg and travels at a maximum speed of 3.0m/s.
Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the toy boat.
State the unit for your answer.
kinetic energy = …………………… unit …………………….
(c) Fig. 9.3 shows a speed-time graph for part of the toy boat’s journey.
(i) Use Fig. 9.3 to describe the motion of the toy boat for this part of the journey.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Suggest why the shape of this graph is not a realistic description of the motion of the toy boat at 1.5 minutes.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: 9(a)(i) (3.5 cm =) 0.035 (m) ;
(moment =) f × d / 1.2 × 0.035 ;
(moment =) 0.042 (N m) ;
or
(35 cm =) 0.35 (m) ;
(moment =) f × d / 1.2 ×0.35 ;
(moment =) 0.42 (N m);
9(a)(ii) increases ;
by a factor of 4;
9(b) (kinetic energy =) 1⁄2 mv$^{2}$ or 1⁄2 × 0.60 × 3.0$^{2}$;
(kinetic energy = ) 2.7 ;
J / joules ;
9(c)(i) initially / in first 1.5 mins, constant acceleration ;
then / after 1.5 min, acceleration is zero / constant speed ;
9(c)(ii) (idea that) change in acceleration would take some time / change more gradually / graph would be a curve at 1.5 mins ;
Question 10:
Topic – B13.2 Hormones
(a) Table 10.1 shows the effect of adrenaline on blood glucose concentration.
(i) Calculate the percentage increase in blood glucose concentration after an injection of adrenaline.
……………………………………………… %
(ii) Suggest the target organ of adrenaline that causes the change shown in Table 10.1.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iii) Change in blood glucose concentration is one effect of adrenaline.
State two other effects of adrenaline on the body.
1 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iv) State the name of the component of blood that transports adrenaline.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Chemicals also control activities in plants.
(i) State one example of chemical control of plant growth in response to a stimulus.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) State the name of the chemical that controls growth in plant shoots.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) Complete the definition of the term growth.
Growth is a permanent increase in size and …………………………………………………….
by an increase in ………………………………………………………………………………………….. .
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: 10(a)(i) (1200 – 800) = 400 ;
((400/800) × 100) = 50 (%) ;
10(a)(ii) liver ;
10(a)(iii) any two from:
widen pupils / pupils dilate ;
increases pulse rate / increases heart rate ;
AVP ;;
10(a)(iv) plasma ;
10(b)(i) phototropism / gravitropism ;
10(b)(ii) auxin ;
10(b)(iii) dry mass ;
cell size / cell number ;
Question 11:
Topic – C12.3 Chromatography
A scientist investigates food colourings using paper chromatography.
Fig. 11.1 shows the chromatogram produced.
The result for dye A is not shown.
(a) Identify which dyes, B, C or D, are in the food colouring X.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) The R$_{f}$ value of a food colouring is calculated using the formula
$R_{f}\tfrac{distance travelled by substance}{distance travelled by solvent}$
Calculate the R$_{f}$ value for dye B.
Show your working.
R$_{f}$ value = ………………………………………
(c) Food colouring A has an R$_{f}$ value of 0.44.
Calculate the distance travelled by food colouring A.
distance travelled = ……………………………….. cm
(d) The scientist makes a solution of food colouring B.
They dissolve 2.43g of the food colouring in 200cm$^{3}$ of distilled water.
Calculate the concentration of the solution made in mol/dm$^{3}$.
The relative molecular mass, M$_{r}$ , of the food colouring is 486.
concentration = …………………………………… mol/dm$^{3}$
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: 11(a) B and C ;
11(b) (R$_{f}$ =) 5.4 $\div $ 6(.0) ;
(R$_{f}$ =) 0.90 ;
11(c) (distance =) R$_{f}$ × distance moved by solvent / 0.44 × 6(.0) ;
(distance =) 2.64 or 2.6 (cm) ;
11(d) (moles =) 0.005 ;
(conversion of 200 cm$^{3}$
to dm$^{3}$ =) 0.2(00) (dm$^{3}$) ;
(concentration = 0.005 ÷ 0.200 =) 0.025 (mol / dm$^{3}$ ) ;
or
(conversion of 200 cm$^{3}$ to dm$^{3}$ =) 0.2(00) (dm$^{3}$) ;
(concentration =) 12.15g/dm$^{3}$) ;
(concentration in mol/dm$^{3}$= 12.15 ÷ 486 =) 0.025 (mol/dm$^{3}$) ;
Question 12:
Topic – P5.2 Radioactivity
Radon is a radioactive gas which occurs naturally in rocks and soil.
(a) Radon-222 $(_{86}^{222}\textrm{Ra})$ is an unstable isotope which decays by emitting an alpha particle.
(i) Use the correct nuclide notation to show the decay of radon-222.
$_{86}^{222}\textrm{Ra}\rightarrow _{………….}^{………….}\textrm{Po}+_{………….}^{………….}\textrm{}\alpha$
(ii) Draw lines to match an alpha particle with its correct characteristics. One line has been drawn as an example.
(iii) Complete Fig. 12.1 to show the path of an alpha particle as it travels through the electric field between two charged plates.
(b) A sample of radon gas is stored in a container with a fixed volume.
(i) Explain, in terms of the molecular motion, why the pressure in the radon gas increases
when the temperature is increased.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) The volume of the container is 0.050 m$^{3}$.
The density of the radon gas is 9.7kg/m$^{3}$.
Calculate the weight of the radon gas in the container.
The gravitational field strength, g, is 10N/ kg.
weight = …………………………………………….. N
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: 12(a)(i) $_{86}^{222}\textrm{Ra}\rightarrow _{84}^{278}\textrm{Po}+_{2}^{4}\textrm{}\alpha$
Po correct ;
$\alpha$ correct ;
12(a)(ii)
has a mass of 4 and has a high ionising ability ;
12(a)(iii)
line curved to the right ;
12(b)(i) kinetic energy/speed of atoms increases ;
atoms collide with walls of container more often ;
which exerts a larger force per unit area ;
12(b)(ii) (m =) $\rho$V ;
(m = 9.7 × 0.05) 0.485 (kg) ;
(W = mg = 0.485 × 10 =) 4.9 (N) ;