Questions 1
Topic – 2.4 Reacting masses and volumes (of solutions and gases)
Sample X is added to water and made up to a total volume of 200 cm³. This gives a solution of 0.100 mol dm⁻³ HCl. What is X?
A 10 cm³ of 1.00 mol dm⁻³ HCl
B 30 cm³ of 0.90 mol dm⁻³ HCl
C 50 cm³ of 0.40 mol dm⁻³ HCl
D 100 cm³ of 0.30 mol dm⁻³ HCl
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: C
Questions 2
Topic – 2.4 Reacting masses and volumes (of solutions and gases)
A mixture of 10 cm³ of methane and 10 cm³ of ethane was sparked with an excess of oxygen. After cooling, the residual gas was passed through aqueous potassium hydroxide. All gas volumes were measured at the same temperature and pressure. Which volume of gas was absorbed by the alkali?
A 15 cm³
B 20 cm³
C 30 cm³
D 40 cm³
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: C
Questions 3
Topic – 1.4 Ionisation energy
Z is a compound of two elements, X and Y. Element X shows a very large increase between its 5th and 6th ionisation energies. It has the second largest 1st ionisation energy in its group. Element Y shows a very large increase between its 6th and 7th ionisation energies. It has the largest 1st ionisation energy in its group. What is compound Z?
A \(NO_2\)
B \(PCl_5\)
C \(P_4O_{10}\)
D \(SF_6\)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: C
Questions 4
Topic – 1.2 Isotopes
Which statement about \(_{53}^{131} I\) is correct?
A A negative ion of \(_{53}^{131} I\) contains 53 neutrons and 52 electrons.
B A negative ion of \(_{53}^{131} I\) contains 53 neutrons and 54 electrons.
C A negative ion of \(_{53}^{131} I\) contains 78 neutrons and 52 electrons.
D A negative ion of \(_{53}^{131} I\) contains 78 neutrons and 54 electrons.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: D
Questions 5
Topic – 3.4 Covalent bonding and coordinate (dative covalent) bonding
When solid aluminium chloride is heated, \(Al_2Cl_6\) is formed. Which bonding is present in \(Al_2Cl_6\)?
A covalent and coordinate (dative covalent)
B covalent only
C ionic and coordinate (dative covalent)
D ionic only
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: A
Questions 6
Topic – 3.5 Shapes of molecules
The structure of the sulfur dioxide molecule is shown.
What is the shape of the sulfur dioxide molecule?
A linear
B non-linear
C pyramidal
D tetrahedral
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: B
Questions 7
Topic – 4.1 The gaseous state: ideal and real gases and pV = nRT
What is the density of a sample of fluorine gas at \(32^\circ C\) and 100 000Pa? Assume fluorine behaves as an ideal gas under these conditions.
A 1.4 g dm⁻³
B 1.5 g dm⁻³
C 1.6 g dm⁻³
D 1.7 g dm⁻³
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: B
Questions 8
Topic – 3.6 Intermolecular forces, electronegativity and bond properties
The graph shows the boiling points of the hydrogen compounds of Group 16 elements.
Which statement correctly explains why water does not fit the trend of the other compounds?
A There are fewer electrons in the oxygen atoms so there is less shielding of the nuclear charge.
B There are strong hydrogen bonds in water but not in the other compounds.
C The covalent bonds in water are much stronger than in the other compounds.
D The water molecules are smaller and so have stronger van der Waals’ forces.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: B
Questions 9
Topic – 5.2 Hess’s law
An energy cycle is shown.
The energy changes involved are X, Y and Z.
The numerical value of energy change Y is either –890 or +890.
The numerical value of energy change Z is either –964 or +964.
Which of the three values are negative?
A X and Z
B X only
C Y and Z
D Y only
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: C
Questions 10
Topic – 5.1 Enthalpy change, ΔH
For a certain endothermic reaction, the activation energy is numerically equal to twice the enthalpy change of reaction. Which reaction pathway diagram is correct for this reaction?
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: B
Questions 11
Topic – 33.1 Carboxylic acids
Sodium chromate(VI), Na₂CrO₄, is manufactured by heating chromite, FeCr₂O₄, with sodium carbonate in an oxidising atmosphere. Chromite contains \(Cr_2O_4^{2–}\) ions.
What happens in this reaction?
A Chromium and iron are the only elements oxidised.
B Chromium, iron and carbon are oxidised.
C Only chromium is oxidised.
D Only iron is oxidised.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: A
Questions 12
Topic – 2.2 The mole and the Avogadro constant
Oxygen can be prepared by the reaction of potassium manganate(VII), \(KMnO_4\), hydrogen peroxide, \(H_2O_2\), and sulfuric acid, \(H_2SO_4\). Each \(H_2O_2\) molecule loses two electrons in this reaction. The other products of the reaction are potassium sulfate, manganese(II) sulfate, and water. How many moles of oxygen gas are produced when 1.0 mol of \(KMnO_4\) reacts with an excess of \(H_2O_2\) in acidic conditions?
A 2.0 mol
B 2.5 mol
C 4.5 mol
D 5.0 mol
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: B
Questions 13
Topic – 7.1 Chemical equilibria: reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium
An alcohol, ROH, reacts reversibly with ethanoic acid to produce an ester.
3.0 mol of ROH, 2.0 mol of ethanoic acid, and 1.0 mol of water are mixed together. At equilibrium, 1.5 mol of CH₃COOR is present. What is the value of the equilibrium constant, \(K_c\), for this reaction?
A 0.20
B 0.25
C 2.00
D 5.00
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: D
Questions 14
Topic – 7.1 Chemical equilibria: reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium
Graphs can be drawn to show the percentage of ammonia at equilibrium when nitrogen and hydrogen are mixed at different temperatures and pressures. Which diagram correctly represents these two graphs?
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: D
Questions 15
Topic – 8.2 Effect of temperature on reaction rates and the concept of activation energy
The Boltzmann distribution for the hydrogenation of an alkene at a particular temperature in the absence of a catalyst is shown.
Which row correctly describes the effects of adding a nickel catalyst to the reaction vessel? 
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: C
Questions 16
Topic – 9.1 Periodicity of physical properties of the elements in Period 3
Elements Y and Z are both in Period 3 of the Periodic Table. When the chloride of element Y is added to water, it reacts and a solution of pH 2 is produced. When the chloride of element Z is added to water, it dissolves and a solution of pH 7 is produced. Which statement explains these observations?
A Both chlorides hydrolyse in water.
B Element Y is magnesium and element Z is sodium.
C Element Y is phosphorus and element Z is aluminium.
D Element Y is silicon and element Z is sodium.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans:D
Questions 17
Topic – 9.2 Periodicity of chemical properties of the elements in Period 3
Aluminium, silicon and phosphorus are elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table. Each element forms an oxide. Which row is correct?
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: C
Questions 18
Topic – 9.1 Periodicity of physical properties of the elements in Period 3
Which statement is correct?
A The atomic radius of silicon is larger than that of aluminium.
B The boiling point of chlorine is higher than that of silicon.
C The first ionisation energy of sulfur is greater than that of phosphorus.
D The electrical conductivity of magnesium is greater than that of sodium.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans:D
Questions 19
Topic – 4.2 Bonding and structure
All solubility data in this question is given at the same temperature. The table gives some data for compounds of calcium and for compounds of X, an unidentified element in Group 2.
What is the missing data for element X? 
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans:B
Questions 20
Topic – 2.4 Reacting masses and volumes (of solutions and gases)
What is the total volume of gas produced, measured at room conditions, when 0.010 mol of anhydrous magnesium nitrate is completely decomposed by heating?
A 240 cm³
B 480 cm³
C 600 cm³
D 720 cm³
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans:C
Questions 21
Topic – 6.1 Redox processes: electron transfer and changes in oxidation number (oxidation state)
A solid sodium halide, NaX, is reacted with concentrated sulfuric acid. The lowest oxidation state of sulfur in the products is +4. Halogen Y₂ is less volatile than halogen X₂. What are the identities of sodium halide NaX and halogen Y₂?
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans:B
Questions 22
Topic – 16.1 Alcohols
Compound Q dissolves in water. Q(aq) does not react with dilute sulfuric acid. Q(aq) forms a precipitate when aqueous silver nitrate is added. This precipitate is partially soluble in aqueous ammonia. What could be compound Q?
A barium bromide
B barium iodide
C magnesium bromide
D magnesium iodide
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans:C
Questions 23
Topic – 5.1 Enthalpy change, ΔH
Nitrogen dioxide is a gas that contributes to air pollution. It is produced in internal combustion engines. Which statement is correct?
A Nitrogen dioxide acts as a catalyst in the atmospheric oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide.
B Nitrogen dioxide reacts to form nitrogen monoxide in the catalytic converter of a car exhaust system.
C PAN forms when nitrogen dioxide reacts with the gases formed by complete combustion of the fuel.
D Under high pressure in an internal combustion engine, nitrogen dioxide forms from impurities in the fuel.
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans:A
Questions 24
Topic – 3.5 Shapes of molecules
What is the bond angle in the ammonium ion?
A 90°
B 107°
C 109.5°
D 120°
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans:C
Questions 25
Topic – 13.4 Isomerism: structural isomerism and stereoisomerism
Structural isomerism and stereoisomerism should be taken into account when answering this question. The structure of 3-methylcyclobutene is shown.
A mixture containing all stereoisomers of 3-methylcyclobutene is treated with HBr. This produces a mixture of isomeric bromomethylcyclobutanes. How many stereoisomers does 3-methylcyclobutene have, and how many isomeric bromomethylcyclobutanes are present in the product mixture?
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans:
Questions 26
Topic – 29.3 Shapes of aromatic organic molecules; σ and π bonds
The diagram shows the structure of X.
Which row is correct? 
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans:C
Questions 27
Topic – 12.1 Nitrogen and sulfur
The diagram shows the skeletal formula of citric acid.
What is the molecular formula of citric acid?
A \(C_6H_8O_7\)
B \(C_6H_4O_7\)
C \(C_8H_8O_7\)
D \(C_{10}H_8O_7\)
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: A
Questions 28
Topic – 14.1 Alkanes
Which reaction occurs when ethane and chlorine are mixed in diffused sunlight?
A a free-radical substitution with hydrogen given off
B a free-radical substitution with hydrogen chloride given off
C a free-radical substitution with no gas given off
D a nucleophilic substitution with hydrogen chloride given off
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: B
Questions 29
Topic – 13.1 Formulas, functional groups and the naming of organic compounds
A molecule of geraniol is shown.
What is formed when geraniol is reacted with an excess of cold dilute acidified MnO₄⁻? 
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: A
Questions 30
Topic – 14.2 Alkenes
Q is either a primary or a tertiary halogenoalkane. Q undergoes hydrolysis with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The first step in the mechanism of this reaction involves two species reacting together. Which row is correct?
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: B
Questions 31
Topic -14.1 Alkanes
2-bromopropane is converted to 1,2-dibromopropane in a pathway involving two reactions.
What are the reagents and conditions for the two reactions? 
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: D
Questions 32
Topic – 13.1 Formulas, functional groups and the naming of organic compounds
Compound X is a single, pure, optical isomer. Compound X is heated with an excess of concentrated H₂SO₄. Only one organic product is formed. What is compound X?
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: D
Questions 33
Topic -14.1 Alkanes
Which reagents could be used to form 2-bromobutane from butan-1-ol?
A bromine and ultraviolet light
B concentrated sulfuric acid with potassium bromide, under reflux
C concentrated sulfuric acid followed by bromine
D concentrated sulfuric acid followed by hydrogen bromide
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: D
Questions 34
Topic -17.1 Aldehydes and ketones
X is a non-cyclic ketone with a single carbonyl group and no other functional groups. Ketone X has the following properties.
● When ketone X is treated with \(NaBH_4\), the organic product has a \(M_r\) 2.3256% greater than the \(M_r\) of ketone X.
● Ketone X gives a yellow precipitate with alkaline \(I_2\)(aq).
How many isomeric ketones could be ketone X?
A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: B
Questions 35
Topic -17.1 Aldehydes and ketones
Compound Y:
● changes the colour of acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ from orange to green
● has no effect on Fehling’s reagent
● produces an orange precipitate with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent.
What is compound Y?
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: C
Questions 36
Topic -17.1 Aldehydes and ketones
The product of the reaction between propanone and hydrogen cyanide is hydrolysed under acidic conditions. What is the formula of the final product?
A CH₃CH(OH)COOH
B CH₃CH₂CH₂COOH
C(CH₃)₂CHCONH₂
D (CH₃)₂C(OH)COOH
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: D
Questions 37
Topic -16.1 Alcohols
P is a carboxylic acid with molecular formula \(C_5H_{10}O_2\). Carboxylic acid P reacts with an excess of \(LiAlH_4\) to form compound Q. Which pairs of molecules could be carboxylic acid P and compound Q?
A 1 and 2
B 1 and 3
C 2 and 3
D 3 only
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: D
Questions 38
Topic -15.1 Halogenoalkanes
Compound X is treated with an excess of dilute aqueous potassium hydroxide.
What is the structure of the organic product? 
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: A
Questions 39
Topic -20.1 Addition polymerisation
A section showing two repeat units of an addition polymer is shown.
What is the identity of the monomer that produced this polymer?
A 2-chloro-3-methylbutane
B 2-chloro-3-methylbut-2-ene
C 2-chloropent-2-ene
D 2,4-dichloro-3,3,4,5-tetramethylhexane
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: B
Questions 40
Topic – 2.1 Relative masses of atoms and molecules
The relative atomic mass of antimony is 121.76. Antimony has two isotopes. The mass numbers of the two isotopes differ by two. The isotope with the lower mass number is the more abundant. What is the percentage abundance of the isotope with the higher mass number?
A 12%
B 38%
C 62%
D 88%
▶️Answer/Explanation
Ans: B