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Questions 1

Topic-1.1 Particles in the atom and atomic radius

Which species contains a different number of electrons from the other three?
A \(ClO_4^–\)

B \(H_2SO_4\)

C \(SO_4^{2–}\)

D \(Te^{2–}\)

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans D

Questions 2

Topic-1.4 Ionisation energy

Which factor causes helium to have a higher first ionisation energy than hydrogen?
A In the 1s orbital in helium, electrons are paired.
B The lowest energy level in helium is filled.
C The nuclear charge in helium is higher than in hydrogen.
D There is less shielding of the outer shell in helium.

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans C

Questions 3

Topic-11.4 The reactions of chlorine

A 0.216 g sample of aluminium carbide reacts with an excess of water to produce methane gas. This is the only carbon-containing product formed in the reaction. This methane gas burns completely in \(O_2\) to form \(H_2O\) and \(CO_2\) only. The volume of \(CO_2\) produced at room temperature and pressure is 108 cm³. What is the formula of aluminium carbide?
A \(Al_2C_3\)

B \(Al_3C_2\)

C \(Al_3C_4\)

D \(Al_4C_3\)

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans D

Questions 4

Topic-26.2 Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts 

A reaction between two gases takes place on the surface of the catalytic converter of a petrol-engined car. In this reaction, four reactant molecules produce three product molecules. What could be the two reactant gases in this reaction?
A nitrogen and carbon dioxide
B nitrogen monoxide and carbon dioxide
C nitrogen monoxide and carbon monoxide
D nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans C

Questions 5

Topic-12.1 Nitrogen and sulfur

An ion contains 1 nitrogen atom and 2 hydrogen atoms. It has an H–N–H bond angle of approximately 105°. Which row is correct?

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans D

Questions 6

Topic-3.6 Intermolecular forces, electronegativity and bond properties

Why does ICl have a higher boiling point than Br₂?
A because of the difference in the bond energies of the covalent bonds within ICl and Br₂
B because of the difference in the polar nature of ICl and Br₂
C because of the difference in the number of electrons contained within ICl and Br₂
D because of the difference in the relative molecular mass of ICl and Br₂

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans B

Questions 7

Topic-4.1 The gaseous state: ideal and real gases and pV = nRT 

In this question you may assume that nitrogen behaves as an ideal gas. One atmosphere pressure = 101 kPa. Which volume does 1.0 g of nitrogen occupy at 50°C and a pressure of 2.0 atmospheres?
A 70 cm³

B 150 cm³

C 470 cm³

D 950 cm³

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans C

Questions 8

Topic-3.1 Electronegativity and bonding

Which statement about the properties associated with the different types of bonding involved is correct?
A Any covalent compound that contains both oxygen and hydrogen in its molecule forms hydrogen bonds.
B Ionic bonds and covalent bonds cannot both occur in the same compound.
C Ionic compounds differ from metals in that ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in the solid state.
D The only covalent compounds with high melting points are those in which hydrogen bonds occur.

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans C

Questions 9

Topic- 5.1 Enthalpy change, ΔH

For which reaction is the enthalpy change an enthalpy change of formation?

A \(C(g) + 2H_2(g) \to CH_4(g)\)
B \(\frac{1}{2} N_2(g) + \frac{1}{2} O_2(g) \to NO(g)\)
C \(Na_2O(s) + SO_3(g) \to Na_2SO_4(s)\)
D \(PCl_3(g) + Cl_2(g) \to PCl_5(g)\)

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans B

Questions 10

Topic- 5.1 Enthalpy change, ΔH

Two standard enthalpy change of formation values are given.

What is the enthalpy change for the reaction \(3VCl_2 \to 2VCl_3 + V\) ?
A \(–210 kJ mol^{–1}\)

B \(–121 kJ mol^{–1}\)

C \(+121 kJ mol^{–1}\)

D \(+210 kJ mol^{–1}\)

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans D

Questions 11

Topic- 6.1 Redox processes: electron transfer and changes in oxidation number (oxidation state)

Equations for some reactions of hydrogen peroxide are given.

In which reactions is hydrogen peroxide acting as a reducing agent?
A 1 and 3

B 1 only

C 2 and 3

D 2 only

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans C

Questions 12

Topic-2.3 Formulas

The equation for the reaction of aqueous thiosulfate ions, \(S_2O_3^{2–}\), and aqueous dioxo-vanadium ions, \(VO_2^+\), is shown.
\(2S_2O_3^{2–} + xVO_2^+ + yH^+ \to S_4O_6^{2–} + zVO_2^+ + 2H_2O\)
Which row shows two correct statements about the equation for this reaction?

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans C

Questions 13

Topic-7.1 Chemical equilibria: reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium

When some solid Ca₅(PO₄)₃OH is added to a beaker of water, an equilibrium is set up

Which compound, when added to the equilibrium mixture, increases the amount of Ca₅(PO₄)₃OH(s) present?
A \(NH_3\)

B \(NH_4Cl\)

C \(CH_3CO_2H\)

D NaCl

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans A

Questions 14

Topic-7.1 Chemical equilibria: reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium

Gaseous hydrogen and gaseous iodine react to form gaseous hydrogen iodide.
\(H_2(g) + I_2(g) \rightleftharpoons  2HI(g)\)
In an experiment, 2.0 mol of hydrogen and 2.0 mol of iodine are placed in a sealed container of volume 1.0 dm³. The Kc value for this reaction under the conditions used is 9.0. How many moles of hydrogen iodide are present at equilibrium?
A 0.57 mol

B 1.2 mol

C 1.5 mol

D 2.4 mol

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans D

Questions 15

Topic-4.1 The gaseous state: ideal and real gases and pV = nRT 

Why does the rate of a gaseous reaction increase when the pressure is increased at a constant temperature?
A More particles have energy that exceeds the activation energy.
B The particles have more space in which to move.
C The particles move faster.
D There are more frequent collisions between particles.

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans D

Questions 16

Topic-8.2 Effect of temperature on reaction rates and the concept of activation energy

The Boltzmann distribution for a mixture of gases capable of reaction is shown. The two curves represent the mixture of gases at 25°C and at 35°C. The activation energies for the catalysed and uncatalysed reactions are shown

Which row is correct?

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans D

Questions 17

Topic-9.2 Periodicity of chemical properties of the elements in Period 3

Which oxide is insoluble in aqueous sodium hydroxide?
A MgO

B \(Al_2O_3\)

C \(P_4O_{10}\)

D \(SO_2\)

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans A

Questions 18

Topic-10.1 Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals, magnesium to barium, and their compounds

Sodium and sulfur are burned separately in oxygen. Each reaction has a distinctive coloured flame. Which row is correct?

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans C

Questions 19

Topic-9.1 Periodicity of physical properties of the elements in Period 3

X and Y are elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table. Y has a greater atomic number than X. The stable ion formed by Y has a greater radius than the stable ion formed by X. The stable ion formed by Y has 18 electrons. Which row is correct?

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans A

Questions 20

Topic-10.1 Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals, magnesium to barium, and their compounds

X is a Group 2 element in either Period 3 or Period 5. X(OH)₂ is less soluble in water than Ca(OH)₂. When X(NO₃)₂ is heated, it decomposes. Which row is correct?

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans B

Questions 21

Topic-10.1 Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals, magnesium to barium, and their compounds

Which statement comparing magnesium and barium, or their compounds, is correct?
A Magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid more rapidly than barium does.
B One mole of magnesium carbonate gives off a greater amount of gas when it reacts with an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid than one mole of barium carbonate does.
C The solubility of magnesium sulfate in water is greater than the solubility of barium sulfate in water.
D Magnesium carbonate undergoes thermal decomposition less readily than barium carbonate does.

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans C

Questions 22

Topic-10.1 Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals, magnesium to barium, and their compounds

The colours of the silver halides AgCl, AgBr, and AgI differ. The solubilities of these halides in aqueous ammonia also differ. Which row is correct?

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans A

Questions 23

Topic-6.1 Redox processes: electron transfer and changes in oxidation number (oxidation state)

The name ‘chlorate’ is used for an anion consisting of chlorine and oxygen only. In a molecule of ICl, the iodine atom has oxidation number x and the chlorine atom has oxidation
number y. When ICl is added to \(H_2O\), iodine is reduced.
\(4ICl + 2H_2O \to 4HCl + O_2 + 2I_2\)
Which statement about the value of x or y is correct?
A x is the same as the oxidation number of Cl in the chlorate ion formed when Cl₂(aq) is added to cold NaOH(aq).
B x is the same as the oxidation number of Cl in the chlorate ion formed when Cl₂(aq) is added to hot NaOH(aq).
C y is the same as the oxidation number of Cl in the chlorate ion formed when Cl₂(aq) is added to cold NaOH(aq).
D y is the same as the oxidation number of Cl in the chlorate ion formed when Cl₂(aq) is added to hot NaOH(aq).

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans A

Questions 24

Topic- 12.1 Nitrogen and sulfur

Which statement is correct?
A An ammonium ion is basic due to a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom.
B Nitrogen monoxide, NO, reacts with peroxyacetyl nitrate to produce a component of photochemical smog.
C Nitrogen dioxide catalyses the oxidation of atmospheric sulfur dioxide.
D Nitrogen is very unreactive due to the very strong permanent dipole–permanent dipole attractions between the nitrogen atoms.

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans C

Questions 25

Topic- 13.1 Formulas, functional groups and the naming of organic compounds

The diagram shows the structural formula of a hydrocarbon molecule Q.

How many of the carbon atoms in molecule Q are \(sp^2\) hybridised?
A 3

B 4

C 7

D 10

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans B

Questions 26

Topic-13.4 Isomerism: structural isomerism and stereoisomerism

Compound X is found in cell walls of some bacteria. Its structural formula is shown.
compound X
\(CH_3(CH_2)_{17}CH=CH(CH_2)_{17}CH(OH)CH(CH_3)CO_2H\)
How many stereoisomers are there with this structural formula?
A 2

B 4

C 6

D 8

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans D

Questions 27

Topic-13.4 Isomerism: structural isomerism and stereoisomerism

Structural isomerism only should be considered when answering this question. How many straight-chain isomers are there with molecular formula C4H8Cl₂?
A 6

B 7

C 8

D 9

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans A

Questions 28

Topic-13.2 Characteristic organic reactions

What is true of every nucleophile?
A It attacks a double bond.
B It donates a lone pair of electrons.
C It is a single atom.
D It is negatively charged.

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans B

Questions 29

Topic-21.1 Organic synthesis

The diagram shows a synthetic route to produce 1-methylcyclohexanol.

What is reagent Y?
A aqueous NaOH
B cold dilute KMnO₄
C ethanolic NaOH
D hot concentrated KMnO₄

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans A

Questions 30

Topic-21.1 Organic synthesis

X and Y are the reagents required to convert 1-bromopropane into butanoic acid.

What are the correct identities of reagents X and Y?

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans C

Questions 31

Topic-21.1 Organic synthesis

The table shows three sets of reagents and reaction conditions.

Which sets of reagents and conditions can be used to produce 2-chloro-2-methylpropane as one of the organic products?
A 1, 2 and 3

B 1 and 2 only

C 1 and 3 only

D 2 and 3 only

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans A

Questions 32

Topic-21.1 Organic synthesis

What are the only structures formed when butan-2-ol is heated with concentrated \(H_2SO_4\)?

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans B

Questions 33

Topic-21.1 Organic synthesis

The compound ‘leaf alcohol’ is partly responsible for the smell of new-mown grass.
leaf alcohol
CH₃CH₂CH=CHCH₂CH₂OH
What will be formed when ‘leaf alcohol’ is oxidised using an excess of hot acidified K₂Cr₂O₇(aq)?
A CH₃CH₂CH(OH)CH(OH)CH₂CO₂H
B CH₃CH₂COCOCH₂CO₂H
C CH₃CH₂CH=CHCH₂CO₂H
D \(CH_3CH_2CO_2H\) and \(HO_2CCH_2CO_2H\)

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans C

Questions 34

Topic- 21.1 Organic synthesis

Compound X:
● does not react with Tollens’ reagent
● forms a yellow precipitate with alkaline \(I_2\)(aq)
● does not react with sodium.
What could be the identity of X?
A \(CH_3CHO\)
B \(C_2H_5COCH_3\)
C CH₃COOC₂H₅
D \(CH_3CHOHCH_3\)

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans B

Questions 35

Topic- 13.2 Characteristic organic reactions

Which compound can undergo nucleophilic addition?
A bromoethane, \(C_2H_5Br\)
B ethanal, CH₃CHO
C ethane, \(C_2H_6\)
D ethene, \(C_2H_4\)

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans B

Questions 36

Topic- 13.2 Characteristic organic reactions

C₂H₅COOCH₃ is reacted with aqueous acid. The products from this reaction are reacted with LiAlH₄ to form two molecules Y and Z. What are the identities of molecules Y and Z?
A both molecules are C₂H₅OH
B CH₃OH and CH₃CHOHCH₃
C CH₃OH and C₂H₅OH
D CH₃OH and C₂H₅CH₂OH

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans D

Questions 37

Topic-4.1 The gaseous state: ideal and real gases and pV = nRT

A sample of propanoic acid of mass 3.70 g reacts with an excess of magnesium. A second sample of propanoic acid of mass 3.70 g reacts with an excess of sodium. Both reactions go to completion forming a gas. Which row is correct?

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans A

Questions 38

Topic-13.2 Characteristic organic reactions

Which statement about \(H_2C=C(CH_3)CH_2CO_2CH_3\) is correct?
A It can be hydrolysed to a secondary alcohol.
B It can be made using ethanoic acid and a suitable alcohol.
C It gives a positive test with alkaline \(I_2\)(aq).
D When treated with hot concentrated acidified KMnO₄, it gives CH₃COCH₂COOH as one product.

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans D

Questions 39

Topic- 20.1 Addition polymerisation

Synthetic resins can be made by polymerisation of a variety of monomers including prop-2-en-1-ol, CH₂=CHCH₂OH. Which structure represents the repeat unit in the polymer poly(prop-2-en-1-ol)?

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans B

Questions 40

Topic-22.2 Mass spectrometry

Vitamin C has the structure shown.

The mass spectrum of vitamin C has a molecular ion peak with an m/e value of 176 and a relative abundance of 7.0%. What is the abundance of the M +1 peak?
A 0.462%

B 0.539%

C 0.616%

D 0.693%

▶️Answer/Explanation

Ans A

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