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[start]
[q] UNIT 1
[a] Chemistry of Life
[q] What are ionic bonds?
[a] A bond that takes/gives electrons (e-)s
[q] What are covalent bonds?
[a] shares electrons
[q] Why is water polar?
[a]
unequal electron sharing.
Oxygen is more electronegative
[q] What is the main ability that water’s polarity gives it?
[a] Hydrogen bonding
[q] What are some important properties water has due to hydrogen bonding?
[a]
1. Cohesion: water likes water
2. Adhesion: water likes other polar things, ex. glass.
3. Surface tension: surface is hard to break, allows bugs/some lizards to walk on water
4. High specific heat: takes of energy to heat up
5. expands when frozen: doesn’t sink, important for marine life
Living systems depend on these properties.
ex: both cohesion and adhesion are needed for water to travel up the stem of a plant.
[q] What type of molecules make up most of life?
[a] biological macromolecules (bio molecules)
[q] What is the primary element of bio molecules? Why is it special?
[a]
1. Carbon!
2. Because it had 4 valence e-s, it can bond in many different ways, making it versatile for many structures/functions.
3. used in storage compounds
4. used in all bio molecules
5. 4th most abundant element
[q] what are the four types of biological macromolecules?
[a]
1. Carbohydrates (sugars)- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (cho)
2. Lipids (fats)- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (cho)
3. Proteins (amino acids)- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (chon)
4. Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus (chonp)
[q] Single unit of a bio molecule
[a] monomer
[q] multiple monomers make a…
[a] polymer
[q] Common way to combine two monomers:
[a] Dehydration synthesis
[q] Common way to split a polymer:
[a] Hydrolysis (digestion)
[q] Monomer of a carbohydrate:
[a] monosaccharide.
ex: glucose (C6 H12 O6), galactose, fructose
polymer = polysaccharide
[q] Structure/storage of carbohydrates in plants:
[a] 1. Structure: cellulose
2. storage: starch
[q] Structure/storage of carbohydrates in animals:
[a] 1. Structure: chitin
2. storage: glycogen
[q] Types of lipids:
[a]
1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds, solid at room temp (ex: butter)
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: has double bonds, liquid at room temp
3. steroids (ex: cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen)
4. triglycerides; ester bonds, looks like:
\/\/\/\
\/\/\/\
\/\/\/\
5. Phospholipids
[q] Amino acid structure (components of a monomer):
[a]
1. Amine group
2. Carboxyl 🤓
3. R-group: varies, determines properties
amino acids are the building blocks of a protein
[q] levels of protein folding:
[a]
1. primary: sequence of amino acids
2. secondary: hydrogen bonds between amino and carboxyl groups (beta pleated sheet \/\/\ or alpha helix ()()()
3. tertiary: R-groups interact to form a globular structure
4. quaternary: more than one protein. Globs.
[q] what is it called when a protein is ruined? What does this do?
[a]
1. the protein denatures
2. When a protein denatures, it loses it’s structure, and therefore it’s function because structure=function
3. does back to primary structure
[q] types of nucleic acids:
[a] 1. Deoxyribonucleic acid: DNA, double stranded
2. Ribonucleic acid: RNA, single stranded
[q] What are the nucleic acid bases? Which one do they pair with
[a]
DNA:
Adenine -> thymine (two bonds)
Guanine -> cytosine (three bonds)
RNA:
Adenine -> Uracil (two bonds)
Guanine -> Cytosine (three bonds)
to remember that A goes with T and C goes with G:
Apples in the tree, car in the garage
For RNA:
Apples are under
[q] components of nucleotides (monomers of nucleic acid):
[a] 1. Phosphate
2. 5 carbon sugar
3. nitrogenous base
[q] Describe DNA structure:
[a] 1. Double helix
2. Strands have a 5 prime and 3 prime end
3. strands run antiparallel
4. strands are connected with hydrogen bonds
[q] Carbohydrate Examples
[a] glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
[q] Disaccharide
[a] A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.
[q] Polysaccharide
[a] Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides
[q] Glycosidic Linkage
[a] A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.
[q] Starch
[a] A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.
[q] Cellulose
[a] A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms
[q] Lipid Examples
[a] fatty acids, fats, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, steroids, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides
[q] Unsaturated Fat
[a] A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
[q] Saturated Fat
[a] A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms
[q] Steroid
[a] lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings
[q] Phospholipid
[a] a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes
[q] Nucleotide
[a] monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
[q] Nucleic Acid Examples
[a] DNA, RNA, (ATP and ADP are modified nucleic acids)
[q] Protein Examples
[a] amino acids, primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures, collagen, hemoglobin, enzymes
[q] Triglyceride
[a] a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule
[q] Amino Acid Examples
[a] glutamine, proline, cysteine, lycine, …
[q] Primary Structure of a Protein
[a] sequence of amino acids
[q] Secondary Structure of a Protein
[a] protein structure is formed by folding and twisting of amino acid chain
[q] Tertiary Structure of a Protein
[a] protein structure is formed when the twists and folds of the secondary structure fold again to from a larger 3D structure
[q] Quaternary Structure of a Protein
[a] protein structure is a protein consisting of more than one folded amino acid chain
[q] Disulfide Bridge
[a] The covalent bond between two sulfur atoms (-S—S-) linking two molecules or remote parts of the same molecule.
[q] Hydrogen Bonds
[a] Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule
[q] nucleic acid
[a] kind of macromolecule that stores, transfers, and expresses genetic information
[q] Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Nitrogen (CHOPN)
[a] elements that make up a nucleic acid
[q] double helix
[a] term used to describe the arrangement of a DNA strand
[q] RNA
[a] ribonucleic acid; a polymer of nucleotides that transfers genetic information
[q] how RNA differs from DNA
[a] the sugar in RNA is ribose; Uracil bonds with Adenine; RNA is single-stranded
[q] Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (CHON)
[a] elements that make up a protein
[q] amino acid
[a] building block (monomer) of proteins, composed of an amino group and a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and an R-group
[q] structure of an amino acid
[a] a carboxyl group, an amino group, a central Carbon, a Hydrogen, and an R-group
[q] peptide bond
[a] covalent bond formed between amino acids
[q] polypeptide chain
[a] a long line of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds
[q] R-group
[a] stands for the rest of the compound, different for each kind of amino acid, giving the amino acid its properties
[q] properties the R-group may give the amino acid
[a] hydrophilic or hydrophobic, polar or nonpolar, acidic or basic
[q] four levels of a proteins structure
[a] primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure
[q] hydrophobic R-groups
[a] move together to the interior of a protein, away from water
[q] lipids
[a] macromolecule made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (CHO) that is mostly nonpolar not soluble in water;
[q] Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO)
[a] elements that makeup both Carbohydrates and Lipids
[q] Fatty acid
[a] building block of a lipid made of a hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group
[q] glycerol
[a] a carbon alcohol that is hydrophilic
[q] functions of lipids
[a] long-term energy storage, insulation, part of the cell membrane, chemical messenger, waterproofing
[q] phospholipid
[a] lipid made of two hydrocarbon chains, glycerol, and a phosphate group
[q] hydrophobic tail
[a] another name for the hydrocarbon chain in a phospholipid
[q] hydrophobic head
[a] another name for the phosphate group in a phospholipid
[q] -ose
[a] suffix carbohydrates usually end in (gluc-ose, fruct-ose)
[q] glycosidic linkage
[a] covalent bond that forms between a monosaccharide and another molecule (like another monosaccharide)
[q] macromolecules
[a] large organic molecules
[q] four
[a] number of covalent bonds carbon can form with other elements
[q] hydrocarbons
[a] carbon and hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded that make them stable and nonpolar
[q] nonpolar
[a] not soluable in water
[q] polar
[a] soluable in water
[q] polymer
[a] molecules that consist of many repeated monomers
[q] monomer
[a] molecules that consist of a single unit
[q] dehydration synthesis
[a] reaction that links monomer molecules together, releasing a molecule of water for each bond formed
[q] hydrolysis
[a] the process of adding a water molecule to break a polymer into monomers
[q] functional groups
[a] parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions
[q] charge of the oxygen atom in a water molecule
[a] slightly negative
[q] charge of the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule
[a] slightly positive
[q] hydrophilic
[a] Term for substances that dissolve in water.
[q] hydrophobic
[a] Term for substances that do not dissolve in water.
[q] high specific heat
[a] property of water in which water changes temperature very slowly with changes in heat due to hydrogen bonding
[q] evaporative cooling
[a] water carries the heat it absorbs away in sweat due to its high specific heat
[q] the reason ice floats in liquid water
[a] less dense as a solid; hydrogen bonds form crystalline structure that keeps the water molecules separate
[q] cohesion
[a] the attraction of like substances; water molecules are attracted to other water molecules; this is due to the hydrogen bonding between water molecules
[q] adhesion
[a] the attraction of unlike molecules; water molecules are attracted to other polar surfaces
[q] atom
[a] Smallest form of an element that still displays its particular properties; consisting of a positively charged nucleus and a negatively charged electron cloud.
[q] protons
[a] Atomic particles with a positive charge (+) found in the nucleus of an atom.
[q] neutrons
[a] Atomic particles with a neutral (o) charge found in the nucleus of an atom.
[q] electrons
[a] Atomic particles with a negative charge (-) found outside the nucleus of an atom.
[q] ion
[a] atom becomes charged when it gains or loses an electron
[q] chemical bond
[a] attraction between two atoms by transferring or sharing electrons to attain a stable electron configuration
[q] nonpolar covalent bond
[a] Bond that forms when electrons are shared equally.
[q] covalent bond
[a] Bond that forms when electrons between atoms are shared.
[q] polar covalent bond
[a] Bond that forms when electrons are shared unequally; like that between the oxygen atom and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule
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