CBSE Class 11 English Core Writing and Grammar

CBSE Class 11 English Grammar – Clauses

A clause is a group of words having a subject and a verb of its own, but it forms part of a sentence. A clause has no independent existence.
In other words, a clause is a single sentence within a larger sentence, made of two or more than two clauses which are joined by suitable conjunctions.

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Study the following sentences:

A morning walk is useful.
He saw the beggar and gave him a coin.
This is the girl who won the first prize.
Sentence No. 1 has already one finite verb and hence one clause. Sentence no. 2 has two clauses joined by ‘and’.

Clauses are of three kinds:

Principal or Main Clause
Co-ordinate Clause
Subordinate Clause

Let us study them separately:

1. Principal or Main Clause. This is the most important clause in the sentence. It is also called the independent clause. It does not depend on any clause for its meaning.
Read the following sentences:

I love the city where I was born.
It is certain that she will help you.
We love India because it is our motherland.
In the above sentences, “I love the city”, “It is certain” and “We love India” are Principal or Main clauses.

2. Co-ordinate Clause. A clause which is equally independent like the Principal clause is called co-ordinate clause. It is joined by co-ordinate conjunctions like and, but, so, or, otherwise, either, not only etc.
Read the following sentences:

I know him and I like him.
Work hard otherwise you will fail.
He felt tired, so he lay down to rest.
Each of the above sentences has two clauses of equal merit. These are joined by the co-ordinating conjunctions ‘and’, ‘otherwise’ and ‘so’. We may put them in the form of a table.

3. Subordinate Clause. A Subordinate clause is dependent on the Principal clause.
Read the following sentences:

I know that you are a good boy.
This is the book which she gave me.
I shall wait here till you come back.

In sentence 1, the Subordinate clause ‘That you are a good boy’ depends on the Principal clause, ‘I know’. In sentences 2 and 3 the clauses ‘which she gave me’ and ‘till you come back’ are Subordinate clauses. They depend on their Principal clauses ‘This is the book’, and ‘I shall wait here’ respectively.

Let us study clauses in relation to sentences:
Sentences may be classified into three types according to their grammatical structure:
1. Simple Sentences, 2. Compound Sentences, 3. Complex Sentences.

A Simple sentence has only one clause i.e. one subject and one predicate but it has a complete meaning, e.g.
The students are playing cricket.
A Compound sentence has two or more main clauses joined together by co-ordinating conjunctions like and, but, so, and so, therefore, for, yet, still, now, or, otherwise, either…………… or, neither……… nor, not only……… but also, e.g.
She ran fast and caught the bus.
Ankit worked hard but failed to qualify.
A Complex sentence has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses, e.g.,
(i) He said that truth wins in the end.
(ii) I know the lady who wrote this novel.
(iii) Let us wait till she arrives.
The italicised portions of the above sentences are Subordinate Clauses. The Subordinate Clauses are of three kinds,
(i) Noun Clause (ii) Adjective Clause (iii) Adverb Clause

Noun Clauses function as nouns in relation to the main clause, e.g.

I believe that he knows the secret.
Listen to what the teacher says.
I do not know why he is angry.
What you said is true.

Adjective Clauses describe a noun or pronoun in the main clause, e.g.

The book which has a green cover is mine.
The boy who is playing outside is my brother.
God helps those who help themselves.

Adverb Clauses function as adverbs in relation to the main clause or other clauses. They may modify the verb or an adjective or another adverb by expressing their time, place, reason, purpose, result, condition, manner etc., e.g.

Make hay while the sun shines.
You may go whenever you like.
Plants breathe as animals do.
We eat that we may live.
He ran so hard that he got tired.
She failed because she wasted her time.
If I make a promise, I keep it.

CO-ORDINATE CLAUSES

Co-ordinate clauses are joined by co-ordinate connectives. Study the use of co-ordinate connectives. We may divide them into four categories.

And, both …. and, not only but also, moreover, as well as, etc. are used to join
co-ordinate clauses which balance each other; as—
He struck me and I fell down.
He is both dull and stupid.
The teacher as well as the students went to the trade fair.
The thief was not only beaten but also handed over to the police.
But, yet, nevertheless, however, on the other hand, still, for all that, whereas etc. are used to introduce a Co-ordinate clause that expresses an idea which is different from the one that has been already stated; as—
She ran fast but missed the bus.
He hates me still I love him.
She has deceived me, nevertheless, I will help her.
I knocked at her door, however, there was no response.
Or, either …… or, neither ……. nor, else, otherwise are used to join two statements of equal value or two alternatives to choose from; as—
Run fast or you will miss the train.
He is either a painter or a dancer.
She neither contacted me nor reached home.
Tell me facts, otherwise, you will be punished.
So, consequently, therefore, accordingly are used to introduce a co-ordinate clause which expresses a natural and obvious result of the previous clause; as—
He felt tired, so he rested under a tree.
I could not get a bus, consequently, I had to go by a taxi.
I liked her performance, therefore, I gave her promotion.
There is no demand for transistor radios in this season, accordingly, I am not able to place any order at present.

COMBINING SIMPLE SENTENCES INTO A COMPOUND SENTENCE
Study the following examples:

Separate : The sun set. It grew dark.
Combined : The sun set and it grew dark.
Separate : She is rich. She is unhappy.
Combined : She is rich but she is unhappy.
Separate : Mohit is smart. Mohit is honest.
Combined : Mohit is both smart and honest.
Or
Mohit is not only smart but also honest.
Separate : I shall take tea. If not, I shall take coffee.
Combined : I shall take either tea or coffee.
Separate : He did not take meat. He did not take eggs.
Combined : He took neither meat nor eggs.
Separate : She is ill. She cannot go to office.
Combined : She is ill, therefore, she cannot go to office.
Separate : You must work hard. Else you give up studies.
Combined : Either work hard or give up studies.
Separate : I could not hire a taxi. I had no money.
Combined : I could not hire a taxi, for I had no money.
Separate : He was ill. He welcomed me cheerfully.
Combined : He was ill, yet he welcomed me cheerfully.
Separate : Work harder. You will fail.
Combined : Work harder otherwise you will fail.

EXERCISE 1
(Solved)

Combine each set of Simple Sentences into Compound sentences:

He abused me. I slapped across his face.
She is rich. She leads an unhappy life.
I called on you yesterday. You were not at home.
The sun rose. The fog disappeared.
He works in a shop. He studies in a college.
The bell’s about to go. We should go to our classes.
She will come here on Monday. If she cannot she will come on Tuesday.
I will not go to Mussoorie. I will not go to Nainital.
Keep quiet. I shall turn you out of the class.
We do not borrow money. We do not lend money.

Answers:

He abused me and I slapped across his face.
She is rich but she leads an unhappy life.
I called on you yesterday, but you were not at home.
The sun rose and the fog disappeared.
He not only works in a shop, but also studies in a college.
He both works in a shop and studies in a college.
The bell is about to go, therefore, we should go to our classes.
She will come here either on Monday or Tuesday.
I will go neither to Mussoorie nor to Nainital.
Keep quiet or I shall turn you out of the class.
We neither borrow nor lend money.

SUBORDINATE CLAUSES

You are already aware that a complex sentence has one Principal clause and one or more subordinate clause. You have also read that a clause is classified by the function it performs in the sentence. Now let us study more about the subordinate clauses.
Subordinate clauses are introduced by sub-ordinate conjunctions. These are: that, who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why, what, if, as, as if, how, so as, since, before, after, till, until, though, so that, lest etc.

A. THE NOUN CLAUSE

A clause that does the work of a Noun is called a Noun Clause. Functions of a Noun Clause:

Subject to a Verb:
What he does is not known to me.
That he will recover is certain.
Object to a Verb:
He promised that he would help me.
I asked her when she would return.
Have you heard what has happened?
Object to a Preposition:
Please attend to what I say.
She was contented with what she had.
I never believe in what he says.
Object to an Infinitive:
I am glad to hear that you have passed.
I was shocked to hear that she had lost her father.
Object to a Gerund:
It depends on your sparing what I want.
She believes in sharing whatever she has.
Object to a Participle:
Hoping that she would win the race, she practised hard. Believing that he was innocent, I pardoned him.
Complement to a Verb:
The fact is that she is innocent.
He felt that he had made a mistake.
It seems that we have taken a wrong turn.
In Apposition to a Noun/Pronoun:
The report that he was ill is wrong.
The news that the general was killed remained secret.
It is clear that he will not come.

COMBINING SIMPLE SENTENCES INTO A COMPLEX SENTENCE
(By using a Noun Clause)

Separate : You said something. It is true.
Combined : What you said is true.
Separate : When will the train arrive? The time is uncertain.
Combined : When the train will arrive is uncertain.
Or
It is uncertain when the train will arrive.
Separate : I was wrong. The teacher told me this.
Combined : The teacher told me that I was wrong.
Separate : You are repentant. I will not forget it.
Combined : I will not forget that you are repentant.
Separate : He had written something. I found him revising it.
Combined : I found him revising what he had written.
Separate : You won a scholarship. I am happy to learn it.
Combined : I am happy to learn that you won a scholarship.
Separate : He will improve. This is our hope.
Combined : Our hope is that he will improve.
Separate : You will pass. I am confident.
Combined : I am confident that you will pass.
Separate : I said something. I am sorry for it.
Combined : I am sorry for what I said.
Separate : He has been telling a lie. It is quite clear.
Combined : It is quite clear that he has been telling a lie.

EXERCISE 2
(Solved)

Combine each set of sentences into a complex sentence by using Noun clauses:

He will be late. That is certain.
He may be guilty. I cannot say.
I was right. The teacher told pie so.
He is the culprit. I am sure.
He shall stand first in the examination. It is certain.
He will not come in time. I am quite sure.
The patient will soon recover. The doctor said so.
I am going to my friend’s place. Everybody knows this.
I was delighted. I heard about my brother’s safe arrival.
Will you help me in this case? I want to know this.
How did he succeed in the examination? Everyone is confused.
His father would send him abroad. He was assured of it.
She is absolutely honest. This will be admitted by everyone.
The child will be well soon. The doctor is hopeful of this.
A serpent swallows the moon during the eclipse. This belief still exists.

Answers:

That he will be late is certain.
I cannot say whether he is guilty.
The teacher told me that I was right.
I am sure that he is the culprit.
It is certain that he will stand first in the examination.
I am quite sure that he will not come in time.
The doctor said that the patient will soon recover.
Everybody knows that I am going to my friend’s place.
I was delighted to hear that my brother had arrived safely.
I want to know if you will help me in this case.
Everybody is confused how he succeeded in the examination.
His father assured him that he would send him abroad.
That she is absolutely honest will be admitted by everyone.
The doctor is hopeful that the child will be well soon.
The belief that a serpent swallows the moon during eclipse still exists.

B. THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

An Adjective clause qualifies a Noun or Pronoun in the Principal clause. Since it begins with Relative Pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, that) or Relative Adverbs (when, where, why) etc., it is also called a Relative clause. An adjective clause may begin with such, some and but also. It answers the question “which person or thing”.
Examples:

God helps those who help themselves.
Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.
The house, which is for sale is at the end of the street.
This is the house where my friend lives.
Youth is the time when seeds of character are sown.
Do you know the reason why he is always late.
Please tell me the way how these sums are done.
His reply was such as I expected.
Your answer is the same as mine (is).
There was none but wept (= who did not weep).

COMBINING SIMPLE SENTENCES INTO A COMPLEX SENTENCE
(By using an Adjeetive Clause)

Examples:

Separate : Harsha keeps a pet dog. I like it.
Combined : I like the pet dog which Harsha keeps.
Separate : I know the boy. He stole your purse.
Combined : I know the boy who stole your purse.
Separate : She is my cousin. I often play with her.
Combined : She is my cousin with whom I often play.
Separate : A jug is lying on the table. A jug is full of milk.
Combined : The jug that is lying on the table is full of milk.
Separate : Where were you born? Do you know the place?
Combined : Do you know the place where you were born?
Separate : An accident took place yesterday. I remember the time it took place.
Combined : I remember the time when the accident took place.
Separate : Some people tell lies. I do not like such people.
Combined : I do not like such people who tell lies.

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EXERCISE 3
(Solved)

Combine each set of Simple Sentences into one complex Sentence containing an Adjective clause:

He met his old class-mate. He is a judge now.
A lady wrote this book. She is coming to dinner.
He owns a dog. The children are afraid of it.
When does the train arrive? Do you know the time?
I was bom in this house. This house is now in ruins.
Here is Dristhi. I like her very much.
You are my friend. Only you can help me.
I drove home with Aditi. She has a Maruti car of her own.
This is Mrs. Jones. Her son won a prize yesterday.
Some men are selfish. I do not like such men.

Answers:

He met his old classmate who is now a judge.
The lady who wrote this book is coming to dinner.
He owns a dog which the children are afraid of.
Do you know the time when the train arrives?
The house where I was born is now in ruins.
Or
The house which I was born in is now in ruins.
Here is Dristhi, whom I like very much.
You are my only friend who can help me.
Aditi, with whom I drove home, has a Maruti car of her own.
This is Mrs Jones, whose son won a prize yesterday.
I do not like such men as are selfish.

C. THE ADVERB CLAUSE

A Subordinate clause that does the work of an adverb is called an adverb clause. Since an Adverb can modify a Verb, an Adjective or another Adverb, the Adverb Clause performs all these functions.

FUNCTIONS OF ADVERB CLAUSE:
An Adverb clause may be used to show.
(a) Time (b) Place (c) Manner (d) Purpose (e) Reason or Cause (f) Result or Effect (g) Condition (h) Comparison (i) Concession or Contrast (j) Extent or Proportion.
Study the table below showing the kind, function and connectives of various types of Adverb clauses:

Kind	Answers	Connectives
(a) Time	‘When’	When, while, as, before, as long as, as soon as, whenever, since etc.
(b) Place	‘Where’	where, wherever, whence etc.
(c) Manner	‘How’	as, according as, as if, as though etc.
(d) Purpose	‘For what’	so that, in order that, lest
(e) Reason or Cause	‘Why’	because, since, as, that, now etc.
(f) Result or Effect	“What happened’	so—that, that, such—that etc.
(g) Condition	Suppose	If, unless, provided, supposing etc.
(h) Comparison	How similar	So—as, as—as, than etc.
(i) Concession or Contrast	How different	though, although, even if etc.
(j) Extent or proportion	How much	as far as, as much as, etc.

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Illustrative Examples:

Adverb Clause showing Time:
Make hay while the sun shines.
Wait here till I return.
We reached the station after the train had left.
Adverb Clause showing Place:
Where there is a will, there is a way
You may go wherever you like.
Adverb Clause showing Manner:
Plants breathe as animals do.
While in Rome do as the Romans do.
He screamed as if he had seen a ghost.
Adverb Clause showing Purpose:
He works hard so that he may pass.
We eat that we may live.
Walk carefully lest you should stumble.
Adverb Clause showing Reason or Cause:
She failed because she wasted her time.
Since you say so, I must believe it.
As he was not there, I spoke to his mother.
Adverb Clause showing Result or Effect:
He ran so hard that he got tired.
He talked such nonsense that none listened to him.
Adverb Clause showing Condition:
If I make a promise, I keep it.
Unless you work harder, you will fail.
Take an umbrella with you in case it rains. Supposing you fail, what will you do?
Adverb Clause showing Comparison:
She is as tall as you are.
I like you no less than him.
She is older than she looks.
Adverb Clause showing Concession or Contrast:
Though he is poor, he is honest.
We must start even if it rains.
He can’t pass however hard we may try.
Adverb Clause showing Extent or Proportion:
As far as I know, he is a fine gentleman.
The higher you go, the cooler it is.
The richer you grow the poorer you become.

COMBINING SIMPLE SENTENCES INTO A COMPLEX SENTENCE
(By using an Adverb clause)

Illustrative Examples:

Separate : I will come back soon. Do not go till then.
Combined : Do not go till (until) I come back.
Separate : I was washing my hands. The telephone rang.
Combined : I was washing my hands when the telephone rang.
Separate : You may go anywhere. I shall follow you.
Combined : I shall follow you wherever you go.
Separate : She is poor. She is happy.
Combined : Though she is poor, she is happy.
Separate : It might rain. It looks like that.
Combined : It looks as if it might rain.
Separate : I can’t go. I have no ticket.
Combined : I can’t go because I have no ticket.
Separate : Do not eat all that. You will fall ill.
Combined : If you eat all that, you will fall ill.
Separate : She is very tired. She can scarcely stand.
Combined : She is so tired that she can scarcely stand.
Separate : He should work hard. Otherwise he will fail.
Combined : If he does not work hard, he will fail.
Separate : You may run quite hard. You can’t catch the train.
Combined : However hard you may run you can’t catch the train.
Separate : You sow something. You will reap the same.
Combined : As you sow, so shall you reap.
Separate : Meeta is wise. Her sister is equally wise.
Combined : Meeta is as wise as her sister (is).
Separate : Work hard. You would fail otherwise.
Combined : Work hard lest you should fail.
Separate : Patriots died. They wanted India to be free.
Combined : Patriots died that India might be free.
Separate : The bell rang. The students rushed out of their classes.
Combined : As soon as the bell rang the students rushed out of their classes.

EXERCISE 4
(Solved)

Combine each set of Simple Sentences into one Complex Sentence containing an Adverb Clause:

She is sick. She works hard.
He is poor. He does not complain.
Make haste. You will be late.
Mohit is ill. He still attends school.
Dipti is tall. Her sister is not so tall.
You will see the green light. Start immediately.
His wife burnt the toast. He got angry.
I reached home. My father had expired by that time.
Time passed on. The patient became worse and worse.
You may be very clever. You can’t deceive me.
Getting blood from a stone is impossible. Getting money from him is equally impossible.
I was not rich. Otherwise I would have helped you.
It may rain. Take an umbrella.
Don’t drop this glass. It will break.
The patient died. Then the doctor arrived.

Answers:

Although she is sick, she works hard.
Even though he is poor, he does not complain.
Make haste lest you should be late.
Although Mohit is ill, (yet) he attends school.
Dipti is taller than her sister.
Start as soon as you see the green light.
He got angry because / as his wife had burnt the toast.
My father had expired before I reached home.
As the time passed on, the patient became worse and worse.
You can’t deceive me, however clever you may be.
Getting money from him is like getting blood from stone.
If I had been rich, I would have helped you.
Take an umbrella in case it rains.
If you drop this glass, it will break.
The patient had died before the doctor arrived.

EXERCISE 5
(Solved)

Fill in the blanks with proper connectives in the sentences given below:

The boy, …………. is reciting the poem, is my brother.
Sunil is in the habit of abusing …………. comes before him.
He went away saying …………. he would not see her.
I know the place …………. he lives.
Life is …………. we make it.
I want to know …………. you will return.
I know …………. he has cheated you.
Uneasy lies the head …………. wears the crown.
This is the cat …………. drank all the milk.
The lawyer ………….we hired was very clever.
She died …………. I could call in a doctor.
The servant went …………. you had sent him.
The baby is crying …………. it needs milk.
He worked hard so …………. he might get good marks.
She treats me as …………. I were her servant.

Answers:
1. who 2. whoever 3. that 4. where 5. what 6. when 7. why 8. that 9. which 10. whom 11. before 12. where 13. because 14. that 15. though/if.

EXERCISE 6
(Solved)

Complete the following sentences with proper clauses:

He could not understand ………………………………………………..
I don’t think ………………………………………………………………….
I want a list of boys…………………………………………………………
We asked the doctor the reason………………………………………..
I reached the station……………………………………………………….
The peon had rung the bell………………………………………………
If I knew his address ………………………………………………………
If he had not wasted his time …………………………………………..
The sooner you come………………………………………………………
A law breaker should be punished…………………………………….

Answers:

what had gone wrong.
(that) there will be time to visit the zoo.
who were absent yesterday.
why the patient was not recovering.
after the train had left.
before I reached the school.
I would have given it to you.
he would not have failed.
the better it is.
whoever he may be.

EXERCISE 7
(Solved)

Transform the following sentences as directed:

He was afraid, therefore, he ran away. (Into a Complex Sentence)
Though he worked hard, he failed. (Into a Compound Sentence)
All that glitters is not gold. (Into a Simple Sentence)
I am glad to know of his success. (Into a Complex Sentence)
To add to his misfortune, his father died. (Into a Compound Sentence)
He confessed to his crime. (Into a Complex Sentence)
We must eat to live. (Into a Complex Sentence)
The teacher punished the boy for disobedience. (Into a Compound Sentence)
I don’t know the time of his death. (Into a Complex Sentence)
But for your help, I would have been ruined. (Begin using ‘if’)

Answers:

He ran away because he was afraid.
He worked hard but/yet he failed.
Every glittering .thing is not gold.
I am glad to know that he has succeeded.
His father died and it added to his misfortune.
He confessed that he had committed the crime.
We must eat or we cannot live.
The teacher punished the boy for he was disobedient.
I don’t know when he died.
If you had not helped me, I would have been ruined.

EXERCISE 8
(Solved)

Complete the dialogue using clauses given in the box:

What your friend likes most; that it may he quite expensive;
What present I should buy, which she could use and cherish.

Rita : Hello, Anita! why do you look so worried?
Anita : Well, I’ve to go to my cousin Sunita’s birthday party and Pam unable to decide (a) ………………………………
Rita : Let me know (b) ………………………………
Anita : She loves cosmetics, perfumes, ear-rings and gaudy dresses.
Rita : Well, you could offer‘her some items (c) ………………………………
Anita : But I fear (d) ………………………………
Rita : Not at all. You can buy one from your pocket money. I saw a French perfume which is quite aromatic and not so expensive.
Answers:
(a) what present I should buy
(b) what your friend likes most
(c) which she could use and cherish
(d) that it may be quite expensive.

EXERCISE 9
(Solved)

1. Vipul and Mahesh are discussing their plans for the summer vacation. Complete their dialogue in an appropriate manner. Write your answers in the space provided. The first one has been done for you as an example:

Vipul : How are you going to spend your summer vacation?
Mahesh : I haven’t thought about it yet.
Vipul : How do you like the idea (a) ………………….. Shimla?
Mahesh : That’s nice, but I (b) ………………….. my father’s permission.
Vipul : I’ll come to your house today and request your father to allow you (c) …………………..
Mahesh : Oh! That’ll be fine.
Vipul : (d) ………………….. in the evening?
Mahesh : Yes, I don’t think he is going out tonight.
Vipul : O.K. I’ll certainly come and meet him.

2. Chiki and Miki are planning to visit Kurukshetra during vacation. Complete the dialogue between them using the given clauses:

1. How are we going
2. What are we carrying
3. When I was a child.

Chiki : I’m really excited about the trip.
Miki : Let’s decide what are we going to require for the journey?
(а) Miki : I have been to this place long back ……………………………
(b) Chiki : Tell me …………………………… by car or by train?
(c) Miki : We’ll be going’ by train. Have you decided ……………………………
(d) Chiki : I’m not very good at packing. Do you know how to pack the rucksacks?

3. Fill in the blanks in the following conversation with meaningful clauses:

Sheela : Tomorrow is my birthday. I want to prepare a cake myself. Please tell me how (a) ……………………………
Radha : I can make many types of cakes. Tell me what (b) ……………………………
Sheela : I am very fond of chocolates and want to prepare a chocolate cake.
Radha : Please let me know when (c) ……………………………, so that I can come and help you.
Sheela : Oh! Thank you.

4. Ravi and Raj are planning to visit Jaipur. Complete the dialogue between them using the following sentences as clauses:

how are we going?
what are we carrying?
when I was child.

Ravi : I am really excited about the trip.
Raj : I have been to the place (a) ……………………………
Ravi : Tell me (b) …………………………… by car or by train.
Raj : We’ll be going by car. Have you decided (c) ……………………………

5. Complete the dialogue using the clauses given in the box:

If you want: what you require for packing : how to pack it nicely.

Chiki : Have you bought a birthday gift for Pooja?
Miki : Yes, but I don’t know (a) ……………………………
Chiki :I can help you (b) ……………………………
Miki : That’s really nice of you. Tell me (c) ……………………………
Chiki : Give me a packing paper, a pair of scissors, a ribbon and a roll of cellotape.

6. Complete the following using clauses given in the box:

which make housing difficult for the poor,
that the poor suffer the most,
how to cut down the cost of housing.

The finding of a Housing Study show (a) …………………………… The lack of resources,
rising cost of material and land are the problems (b) ……………………………
The Government’s worry is (c) ……………………………

7. Complete the following by using clauses given in the box:

who developed the indigenous technology,
which has become an integral part of the Indian defence power;
who was born in lower middle class family.

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (a) …………………………… has been elected the President of India. He is the man (b) …………………………… of missiles (c) ……………………………

8. Fill in the blanks with suitable clauses:

(a) …………………………… He ran so fast
(b) …………………………… You should act
(c) …………………………… He is the boy
Answers:

(a) that we should go (b) have to seek (c) to accompany us to Shimla (d) will he be at home
(a) when I was a child (b) how we are going (c) what are we carrying?
(a) I can prepare a cake (b) type of cake you want to make(c) (when) you want to prepare the cake.
(a) when I was a child (b) how we are going (c)what are we carrying?
(a) how it should be packed nicely (b) if you want (c) what you require for packing.
(a) that the poor suffer the most (b)which make housing difficult for the poor (c) how to cut down the cost of housing.
(a) who was born in lower middle class family. (b) who developed the indigenous technology, (c) which has become an integral part of Indian defence power.
(a) that he won the race (b) when the time is right (c) who always stands first in the class.

INTEGRATED TASKS

I. ERROR CORRECTION
EXERCISE 10
(Solved)

Correct the following sentences:

The boy which is playing outside is my brother.
Most of the books who are on your shelf have become outdated.
The police are looking for a thief he stole a watch.
The shop who is next to Raman’s is for sale.
The news she has passed cheered her up.
She showed me the man that son won a prize yesterday.
The exhibition ended today was really good.
I am glad to know who he has succeeded.
The examination had started because I reached the hall.
The children are frightened of the dog whom he own.
Hari was so tired as he could scarcely stand.
Ravi met his old friend whom is now a lawyer.
You should take rest unless you are tired.
She can’t pass unless she doesn’t work hard.
The reason that he disobeyed his father is not clear.

Answers:

The boy who is playing outside is my brother.
Most of the books which are on your shelf have become outdated.
The police are looking for a thief who stole a watch.
The shop which is next to Raman’s is for sale.
The news that she has passed cheered her up.
She showed me the man whose son won a prize yesterday.
The exhibition which / that ended today was really good.
I am glad to know that he has succeeded.
The examination had started before/when I reached the hall.
The children are frightened of the dog which /that he own.
Hari was so tired that he could scarcely stand.
Ravi met his old friend who is now a lawyer.
You should take rest if / because you are tired.
She can’t pass unless she works hard.
The reason why he disobeyed his father is not clear.

II. EDITING TASK
(i) ERROR CORRECTION
EXERCISE 11
(Solved)

The following passage has not been edited. There is an error in each line. Find the error
and write the correct word in your answer sheet as given below’. Remember to
underline the word that you have supplied.

Answers:

(ii) OMISSIONS
EXERCISE 12
(Solved)

In the following passage, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after it in your answer sheet. Ensure that the w ord that forms your answ er is underlined as shown below:

Answers:

(iii) REORDERING OF SENTENCES
EXERCISE 13
(Solved)

Look at the sentences given below in a disorderly form. Re-order (Rearrange) them to form meaningful sentences:

it/life/make/is/we/what
I/attend/say/to/what/please
he/careless/failed/he/so/was
certain/he/be/that/is/will/late
I/go/ready/till/get/not/do
you/where/like/go
I/back/till/waited/came/she
that/gold/glitters/not/is/all
house/live/is/this/I/where/the
that children/he/live/hard/may/works/comfortably/his/so.

Answers:

Life is what we make it.
Please attend to what I say.
He was careless, so he failed.
That he will be late is certain.
Do not go till I get ready.
Go where you like.
I waited till she came back.
All that glitters is not gold.
This is the house where I live.
He works hard so that his children may live comfortably.

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CBSE Class 11 English Core Writing and Grammar – Clauses

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