Edexcel iGCSE Biology-4.8 Structure and Function of Human reproductive systems- Study Notes- New Syllabus

Human Reproductive Systems & Adaptations

🌟 Introduction

Reproduction ensures continuity of species.
Male and female reproductive systems have specialised structures adapted to:

• Produce, transport and unite gametes (sperm + egg).
• In females → support the development of an embryo.

👨 Male Reproductive System 

Main Structures & Adaptations

• Testes: produce sperm + testosterone.
  Located in scrotum (outside body) → keeps sperm slightly cooler than body temp (needed for sperm production).
• Scrotum: sac holding testes.
  Temperature regulation → contracts/relaxes to move testes closer/further from body.
• Epididymis: stores sperm temporarily until mature.
• Sperm duct (vas deferens): tube carrying sperm from testes to urethra.
• Prostate gland + seminal vesicles: secrete fluids (seminal fluid).
  Provide nutrients + medium for sperm to swim → form semen.
• Penis: delivers sperm into female reproductive tract.
  Contains erectile tissue for penetration during sexual intercourse.

👩 Female Reproductive System

Main Structures & Adaptations

• Ovaries: produce eggs (ova) + hormones (oestrogen, progesterone).
• Oviducts (fallopian tubes): carry egg from ovary to uterus.
  Lined with cilia → sweep egg toward uterus.
  Site of fertilisation.
• Uterus (womb): thick muscular wall lined with endometrium.
  Provides safe environment for embryo development.
  Rich blood supply → for placenta formation.
• Cervix: narrow opening of uterus to vagina.
  Keeps fetus inside uterus during pregnancy, dilates at birth.
• Vagina: muscular canal.
  Receives sperm during intercourse.
  Acts as birth canal during delivery.

📊 Summary Table

📌 Quick Recap
– Male system adapted for sperm production & delivery.
– Female system adapted for egg production, fertilisation, and supporting embryo/fetus.
– Together → ensure successful reproduction.