Edexcel A Level (IAL) Biology -5.25 Contentious Issues in Environmental Science- Study Notes- New Syllabus
Edexcel A Level (IAL) Biology -5.25 Contentious Issues in Environmental Science- Study Notes- New syllabus
Edexcel A Level (IAL) Biology -5.25 Contentious Issues in Environmental Science- Study Notes -Edexcel A level Biology – per latest Syllabus.
Key Concepts:
- 5.25 understand the way in which scientific conclusions about controversial issues, such as what actions should be taken to reduce climate change, or the degree to which humans are affecting climate change, can sometimes depend on who is reaching the conclusions
Scientific Conclusions on Controversial Issues
🌱 Introduction
Some scientific topics, especially climate change, become controversial not because the science is unclear, but because different groups interpret the same data differently. This usually depends on who is reaching the conclusion and what their interests are.
🧬 Main Ideas
- Scientific data stays the same, but interpretation can vary.
- Groups may select certain pieces of evidence that support their own viewpoint.
- Factors like funding, beliefs, politics and economic interests can influence conclusions.
This leads to disagreement about:
- how fast climate change is happening
- how much humans are responsible
- what actions should be taken
📌 Why Conclusions Differ
1) Different Interests
Some groups want strong climate action, others prefer economic growth over restrictions.
2) Source of Funding
Organisations supported by fossil fuel industries may downplay human impact. Environmental groups may highlight the strongest warnings.
3) Bias and Personal Beliefs
People look for evidence that matches what they already believe (confirmation bias).
4) Complex Climate Models
Climate models include many variables. Different assumptions lead to different predictions. This doesn’t mean the science is wrong — just that the system is complex.
📌 Examples
- Government agencies – may support strong action to protect citizens.
- Oil and coal companies – may argue humans aren’t the main cause to avoid restrictions.
- Environmental organisations – push for stricter climate policies.
- Independent scientists – rely on evidence but may still differ due to different models/methods.
📊 Summary Table
| Group/Stakeholder | Likely View | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Government | Strong action needed | Public safety, international goals |
| Fossil fuel companies | Human impact may be small | Protect economic interests |
| Environmental groups | Climate change is severe | Advocacy for nature protection |
| Scientists | Evidence-based conclusions | May vary due to different models |
✔ Same data, different interpretations
✔ Interests and funding influence conclusions
✔ Climate models are complex, so predictions vary
✔ Controversy often comes from who interprets the data, not the data itself
✔ Always check the source of scientific claims