▶️ Answer/Explanation
Markscheme
a. Generation of Chemical Energy by Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis: [8]
NAD/FAD carries/is reduced by gaining «two» H «atoms»/«two» electrons ✔
reduced NAD produced in glycolysis/link reaction/Krebs cycle ✔
reduced NAD/FAD delivers electrons/hydrogen «atoms» to ETC ✔
ETC is in mitochondrial inner membrane/cristae ✔
electrons release energy as they flow along the chain/from carrier to carrier ✔
electrons from ETC accepted by oxygen/oxygen is the final electron acceptor ✔
proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane/electron carriers act as proton pumps ✔
protons pumped into intermembrane space/proton gradient across inner mitochondrial membrane/proton concentration higher in intermembrane space than in matrix ✔
energy «from electrons» used to pump protons into intermembrane space/generate a proton gradient / high H+ concentration is a store of «potential» energy ✔
ATP synthase in inner mitochondrial membrane/cristae ✔
energy released as protons pass down the gradient/through ATP synthase ✔
ATP synthase converts ADP to ATP/phosphorylates ADP ✔
oxidative phosphorylation «is ATP production using energy from oxidizing foods» ✔
b. Functions of Membrane Proteins: [4]
receptor/binding site for hormone/neurotransmitter ✔
cell-to-cell communication / cell recognition ✔
channels «for passive transport» / facilitated diffusion ✔
pumps / active transport ✔
cell adhesion ✔
«immobilized» enzymes/enzymes embedded in the membrane ✔
electron transport / electron carriers ✔
c. Distinction Between Anabolism, Catabolism, and Metabolism: [3]
metabolism is all enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a cell/organism/is anabolism plus catabolism ✔
anabolism is synthesis of polymers/complex/larger molecules/larger substances «from smaller molecules/monomers» ✔
catabolism is breaking down «complex» molecules/substances «into simpler/smaller ones/into monomers» ✔