▶️ Answer/Explanation
Solution
(a) Water properties for upward movement in plants:
- Water molecules are polar / can form hydrogen bonds
- Cohesion between water molecules allows continuous water columns in xylem
- Adhesion of water to xylem vessel walls helps water rise against gravity
- Water evaporates at environmental temperatures enabling transpiration pull
(b) Osmolarity definition:
The solute concentration of a solution, measured in osmoles per liter (osmol/L)
(c) Hypertonic solution identification:
Cell 2 is in hypertonic solution because it shows plasmolysis (water loss causing shrinkage)
(d) Surface area to volume ratio change:
Decreased (due to cell swelling in hypotonic solution)