Home / IB DP History / IBDP History HL Paper 3 – The French Revolution (1774–1815)- Exam-Style Questions
To what extent were the actions of Robespierre responsible for the Thermidorean Reaction? \([15]\)
Detailed solution
Robespierre’s actions were a major cause of the Thermidorean Reaction, but changing military and political conditions also reduced support for radical rule.
Robespierre’s radicalism, including dechristianization and the ruthless removal of perceived enemies during the Terror, turned many moderates against him.
He alienated former supporters from different factions. The Dantonists wanted an end to the war and the Terror, while the Hébertists wanted further social revolution.
After the executions of Hébert and Danton, many members of the National Convention feared that they would be the next victims. Robespierre’s policies therefore destroyed his political support.
However, France had gained military success, internal revolts had been defeated and the Committee of Public Safety no longer seemed necessary. The middle classes wanted order, while Catholics opposed secularization, making a reaction against the radicals more likely.
Discuss the impact of Napoleon I’s domestic policies on French society and economy. \([15]\)
Detailed solution
Napoleon’s domestic policies brought stability and modernization to France, but they also reinforced hierarchy, limited political freedom and restricted women’s rights.
The Code Napoleon and the Banque de France created greater legal and financial stability. Napoleon also promoted a more meritocratic society, especially through military opportunity.
The Concordat of \(1801\) clarified the position of the Catholic Church and reconciled many Catholics to his regime. These policies brought order after the instability of the \(1790\)s.
However, Napoleon created a new hierarchy through titles and honours, producing an elite of Notables. Lycées improved education but mainly benefited the bourgeoisie, with little provision for the poor.
Censorship and secret police restricted opposition, while the legal system restored paternal authority in the family and limited women’s rights. Therefore, his policies improved stability but did not create an equal or fully free society.