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[h] IB DP Biology HL A3.2 Classification and cladistics Flashcards
[q] taxonomy
[a] scientific study of naming, defining, and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics.
[q] taxon
[a] organisms grouped into taxa and these groups are given a taxonomic rank; groups of a given rank can be aggregated to form a more inclusive group of higher rank -> taxonomic hierarchy.
[q] taxonomic hierarchy
[a] kingdom – phylum – class – order – family – genus – species.
[q] clade
[a] group of organisms evolved from a common ancestor (organized based on amino acid sequences.
[q] terminal branches
[a] end that represent individual clades – species or groups of species subdivided on a cladogram.
[q] nodes
[a] branching points on a cladogram (usually two clades branch of a node but sometimes there are three or more)– represent the point of divergence.
[q] classification of all organisms into three domains
[a] 1. eubacteria
2. archaea
3. eukaryotes
prokaryotes: eubacteria and archea
[q] root
[a] base of the cladogram -> represents the hypothetical common ancestor of the entire clade.
[a] difference in base and amino acid sequences.
[q] molecular clock
[a] assuming mutation rates are constant (estimates the time a species diverges).
[q] reality of mutation rates
[a] not constant – affected by generation of time, population size, intensity of selective pressures.
[a] pattern of branching in a cladogram is assumed to match phylogeny.
[q] parsimony criterion
[a] refers to the smallest number of sequence changes which can explain divergence.
[q] What are the classifications of organisms (from largest to smallest)?
[a] Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.
[q] What are the two main methods for figuring out how much time has passed?
[a] Radiometric dating and relative dating.
[q] What is a point of similarity and what is the purpose of finding one?
[a] A point of similarity is a homologous structure, chemical system, or protein shared between two different groups and the more you find them between two groups, the more you can tell how closely related they are to each other.
[q] How can you figure out the natural history of a group of organisms?
[a] Phylogeny
[q] What is convergent evolution?
[a] unrelated species evolve similar traits and functions for reasons unrelated to their natural histories.
[q] What is another word for analogous structures?
[a] Homoplasies
[q] What is the best tool to find points of similarity?
[a] The best tool is using DNA to look for molecular homologies; each base pair that is the same between two groups is a point of similarity.
[q] How are DNA comparisons used?
[a] Since mutation occur at a measurable rate, it can be estimated how much time has passed since that mutation occurred when comparing DNA from one individual to another.
[q] How do we classify organisms?
[a] We classify them through their shared characteristics and name them through a binomial system
[q] What is a taxon and give an example.
[a] any term that defines an organism; example is the taxon of the domain of humans are eukaryotes
[q] Explain the taxonomic system.
[a] The taxonomic system shows how a group that freely interbreeds and produce viable offspring creates a species. Species that are so closely related to each other that they must have a common ancestor are in the same genus. and genus’ related to each other make up a family and so forth.
[q] What is the binomial system for naming species and how do you write it?
[a] The binomial system consists of two taxa: the first one contains the capitalized Genus and the second one is the lower-cased species which is all underlines or italicized
[q] What is the proper way to write taxa?
[a] All taxa are capitalized in the first letter.
[q] What are the three Domains and how are they defined?
[a] The three domains are eukaryote, archaea, and eubacteria. Eukarya contain a membrane-bound nucleus, Archaea are prokaryotic cells with no nucleus and consist of extremophiles (microorganisms that live in extreme conditions). Eubacteria are prokaryotic cells with no nucleus and are common pathogens.
[q] What are the major taxa of the animal kingdom from most inclusive to least inclusive?
[a] Dear Kessica, Pella, Cha-cha Over For Great Suppers
[q] What are all the taxa for humans?
[a] Eukaryote, Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia, Primate, Hominidae, Homo, sapiens
[q] What are all the taxa for garden peas?
[a] Eukaryote, Plantae, Angiospermophyta, Dicotlyedoneae, Rosales, Papilonaceae, Pisum, sativum
[a] The group of species are all very closely related to each other that they must share a common ancestor.
[q] If hundreds of beetle Families are all members of the order Coleoptera, what does that mean about their history?
[a] They are all closely related to each other that they are under a common order and must share a common ancestor.
[q] What are the major characteristics of the animal phyla PORIFERA?
[a]Poriferas are
-aquatic and marine
-sessile which means they stay on a rock forever
-they are just tissues that catch food in their pockets.
-have no mouth and digestive system
-asymmetrical.
[q] What are the major characteristics of the animal phyla CNIDARIA?
[a]Cnidarias are
-radially symmetrical
-nematocysts which means they have stinging cells.
-have a Gastrovascular cavity that is a blind pouch that digests the organisms they stung.
[q] What are the major characteristics of the animal phyla PLATYHELMINTHES?
[a] Platyhelminthes are
-most are parasitic which means they absorb food from their surroundings
-some have tubes that come out and eat it
-absorbs oxygen through skin
-tapeworms absorb food
-flatworms have a gastrovascular cavity
-bilateral.
[q] What are the major characteristics of the animal phyla ANNELIDA?
[a]Annelidas are
-bilateral
-have a digestive system.
[q] What are the major characteristics of the animal phyla MOLLUSCA?
[a] Molluscas have
-snails, slugs
-bilateral.
[q] What are the major characteristics of the animal phyla ARTHROPODA?
[a] Arthropodas have
-an exoskeleton made of chitin
-jointed legs
-bilateral.
[q] What are the major characteristics of the animal phyla ECHINODERMATA?
[a] Echinodermatas are
-urchins
-has a mouth in the center
-uses its hairs and spine to move.
[a] Chordatas all have at one point in their lives.
-bilateral.
[a] moss: simple-terrestrial plants, multicellular, don’t have a vascular system so they remain small, reproduce by spores, have rudimentary roots and stems, live in wet areas.
[q] What are the major characteristics of the plant phyla FILICINOPHYTES?
[a] ferns: have a vascular system, shallow root system, and reproduce by spores.
[q] What are the major characteristics of the plant phyla CONIFEROPHYTAS?
[a] conifers/evergreens: improved tissues, larger, contain spikes instead of leaves that increase chance of transferring pollen to female cones, produce seeds in their cone so they can reproduce sexually, wind-pollinated.
[q] What are the major characteristics of the plant phyla ANGIOSPERMOPHYTAS?
[a] flowering plants: produce their seeds in a container, and employ living animals to transfer their pollen to another plant.
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