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[h] IB DP Biology HL A4.2 Conservation of biodiversity Flashcards
[q]
Definition of Biodiversity
[a] Variety of life found in an area.
[q]
When is biodiversity at its best?
[a] When many types of life forms are present in reasonable numbers
Species evens is often more important than species biodiversity.
[q] The 3 different levels of biodiversity
[a] 1. Ecosystem
3. Genetics.
[q] Ecosystem diversity
[a] Considers diversity from the largest overall viewpoint, diversity of ecosystems in the same area.
[q] Species diversity
[a] Individual ecosystems have varying degrees of species diversity.
[q]
Definition of species richness
[a] Number of different species in a community.
[q]
Definition of species evenness
[a] Measure of the relative abundance of each of the species in a community.
[q] Genetic diversity
[a] All the gene types or alleles found in the entire population is called the gene pool.
[a] The north island giant moa
Haunted to extinction by Polynesian people
Proof that anthropogenic extinction has been occurring for year.
[q] Case study 2 of organisms threatened by anthropogenic activities
[a] The Caribbean monk seal
European colonists killed seals for their oil, to use in lamps and for food
Seals behaviours made them an easy target as they were not afraid go humans, easy to kill.
[q] Case study of ecosystems loss by anthropogenic activities
[a] Mixed Dipterocarp forests in Southeast Asia Losing 1 % of rainforest every year Frequently clear- cutting which results in total loss of the local ecosystem
Then used for plantation of palm oil tress.
[q] What is the IPBES and what does it do?
[a] Intergovernmental Science- Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem service (2019)
Information obtains from wide range of habitats.
[q] What us IUNC Red list
[a] International union for conservation of Nature’s Red list (1964)
Species rated on scale indication its ecological health.
[a] Human needs resources to survive and they produce wast and pollution. As population increases the need for resources increases and these resources come from ecosystems.
[q] Examples of human population growth effects on biodiversity
[a]– Over- exploitation of resource
– Deforestation
– Monoculture agriculture practise
– Pollution
– Increases pest species
– Invasive species
– Urbanisation
– Spread of disease in both humans and other organisms.
[a] 1. In situ conservation efforts: managing natural areas
[a] – Establishment of national parks
– Establishment of nature reserves
– Rewinding of areas damaged by human intervention
– Reclamation of degraded landscapes.
[q] Ex situ conservation efforts to improve biodiversity
[a] – Breeding programs by zoos
– Seed banks
– Animal tissue banks( two types stored: 1. Germ plasm includes sperm, eggs and embryos 2. Somatic tissue includes non-reproducing tissue sample).
[q] What is artificial insemination?
[a] Facilitates the production of offsprings from animals in two different zoos which promotes genetic diversity.
[q] What is the Zoological Society of London program?
[a] Goal of selecting evolutionary distinct and globally endangered species. The species is then promoted for priority status in conservation programs.
[q] Biodiversity
[a] the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.
[q] biodiversity hotspots
[a] Relatively small areas of land that contain an exceptional number of endemic species and are at high risk from human activities.
[q] ecosystem diversity
[a] variety of habitats, communities, and ecological processes in the biosphere
[q] species diversity
[a] The number and relative abundance of species in a biological community.
[q] genetic diversity
[a] a measure of the genetic variation among individuals in a population.
[q] Estimated number of species on earth
[a] 2 million – 10 million, uncertainty with prokaryotes
[q] classification system
[a] Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
[q] extinction of species
[a] A type of species that no longer lives anywhere on the Earth.
[q] Overharvesting
[a] catching or removing from a population more organisms than the population can replace
[q] habitat destruction
[a] The loss of a natural habitat.
[q] invasive species
[a] plants and animals that have migrated to places where they are not native.
[q] pollution
[a] Release of harmful materials into the environment.
[q] climate change
[a] a change in global or regional climate patterns.
[q] HIPCO
[a] habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, climate change, overharvesting.
[q] Urbanization
[a] An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.
[q] Overexploitation
[a] excessive use of species that have economic value
[q] Eutrophication
[a] A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria.
[q] Oligotrophic
[a] Describes a lake with a low level of productivity.
[q] water diversion
[a] the process of moving water from its source to places where humans can use it.
[q] Simpson’s Diversity Index
[a] a measure of diversity between similar ecosystems
( N-(N-1) ) / ( total n (n-1) )
N = total number of organisms
n = number of individuals of each species
[q] Shannon Diversity Index
[a] A formula for quantifying diversity that takes both species richness and species evenness into account; based on a mathematical expression of the certainty with which the next item sampled in a series can be predicted.
[q] Overhunting/overfishing
[a] Hunting, trapping,and fishing of a species at a rate that is faster than reproduction can replace them. This can result the species becoming endangered or extinct.
[q] deforestation
[a] the action of clearing a wide area of trees.
[q] In situ Methods of conservation
[a] Saving a species while it remains in the natural habitat.
[q] ex situ methods of conservation
[a] Saving a species by removing it from it’s natural habita
[q] In Captivity Breeding
[a] Breeding Species in captivity to increase their population size.
[q] EDGE Species
[a] Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered.
[q] IUCN Red List
[a] International union for conservation of nature list of worldwide threatened species.
[q] Richness
[a] number of species.
[q] Evenness
[a] Relative abundance of species, evenly spread.
[x] Exit text
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