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[h] IB DP Biology HL B1.1 Carbohydrates and lipids Flashcards
[q]
What do the prefixes kilo, centi, milli, micro, and nano mean?[a] Kilo: x 10^3
Centi: x 10^-2
Milli: x 10^-3
Micro: x 10^-6
Nano: x 10^-9
Milli: x 10^-3
Micro: x 10^-6
Nano: x 10^-9
[q]
What type of bonds can carbons make?[a] – Single (saturated)
– Double (unsaturated)
– Triple
– Triple
[q] What types of structures can carbon atoms form?
[a] – Straight chain carbons
– Ring structures.
[q]
What is the term for the formation of polymers?[a] Polymerisation.
[q]
What can condensation reaction be used for in the body?[a] Building glycogen from glucose in animal cells or starch from glucose in plant cells.
[q]
Why is it called a hydrolysis reaction?[a] The water molecules split to provide the -H and -OH groups that are incorportated to produce monomers.
[q]
What can hydrolysis be used for in the body?[a] – Breaking down glycogen/starch into glucose.
– Digestion where digestive enzymes hydrolise polymers into monomers.
[q]
What are carbohydrates?[a] Organic molecules which contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 2:1 ratio (H:C,O).
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Why are carbohydrates important?[a] They are needed in even the simplest cells (bacteria) for important processes such as respiration.
[q]
What type of molecule is a carbohydrate?[a] A macromolecule (big molecule) made up of many small repeating units (these are called polymers).
[q]
What is a hexose sugar?[a] A monosaccharide with six carbon atoms in each molecule (forming a hexagonal shape).
[q]
What is the chemical formula of glucose?[a] C6H12O6
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What is a pentose sugar?[a] A monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms in each molecule (forming a pentagonal shape).
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What is the chemical formula of ribose?[a] C5H10O5
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What is a disaccharide?[a] A pair of monosaccharides produced through a condensation reaction.
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What bond forms in a disaccharide?[a] Glycosidic bond ((1,4) carbons are joined by an oxygen).
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Which disaccharide is formed by joining two glucose molecules?[a] Maltose.
[q]
What is the chemical formula of maltose?[a] C12H22O11
[q]
What is anabolism?[a] The process of constructing molecules from monomers. It involves a condensation reaction.
E.g. During photosynthesis plants produce glucose then store it as starch.
[q]
What is catabolism?[a] The breaking down of complex molecules into simple molecules. It involves a hydrolysis reaction.
E.g. Digestion (breaking down starch into maltose then glucose), respiration (oxidation of glucose which involves breaking down the covalent bonds to release energy.
[q]
What is metabolism?[a] The total of all the chemical reactions taking place in a living organism.
[q] What are the properties of glucose?
[a] – Solubility
– Transportability
– Chemical stability
– Energy yield from oxidation.
– Chemical stability
– Energy yield from oxidation.
[q] Why are these properties of glucose?
[a] – High solubility comes as a result of glucose being a polar molecule (due to its OH groups) therefore readily dissolves in a polar solvent (water)
– Transportability as a result of its solubility meaning it can easily circulate in blood and the fluids between cells
– Chemical stability due to it being joined together with dtrong covalent bonds that don’t break easily
– Energy yield from oxidation as a result of releasing lots of chemical energy when its covalent bonds are broken (therefore it is a good energy store).
– Chemical stability due to it being joined together with dtrong covalent bonds that don’t break easily
– Energy yield from oxidation as a result of releasing lots of chemical energy when its covalent bonds are broken (therefore it is a good energy store).
[q] What are 3 important polysaccharides that glucose forms and what are they used for?
[a] – Glycogen (animal storage carbohydrate found in the cytoplasm)
– Cellulose (used for building cell walls)
– Starch (plant storage carbohydrate found in the chloroplasts).
– Cellulose (used for building cell walls)
– Starch (plant storage carbohydrate found in the chloroplasts).
[q] Where are there many glycogen granules?
[a] In muscle (for respiration) and liver cells (because they carry out so many metabolic reactions).
[q] Why are storage molecules important?
[a] They are insoluble and so prevent osmosis and cell bursting.
[q] What is a structure/function relationship?
[a] A structure function relationship is where the structure of an organelle/molecule/cells is directly related to its function e.g. Enzymes, red blood cells.[x] Exit text
[q] Where are glycoproteins found
[a] They are found in the cell membrane. The protein component is embedded into the membrane with the carbohydrate chain coming off of the top.
[q] What is the function of glycoproteins?
[a] They are marker molecules (antigens) that are important in cell recognition (self vs non-self) and signalling.
[q] What are the 4 types of lipids?
[a] – Fats
– Oils
– Waxes
– Steroids.
– Waxes
– Steroids.
[q] What elements are lipids made up of?
[a] Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. They have a lower proportion of oxygen compared to carbohydrates.
[q] What two components are lipids composed of?
[a] – Glycerol
– Fatty Acids
[q] What are the proporties of lipids?
[a] – Non-polar, hydrophobic molecules so do not dissolve well in water.
– Dissolve in non-polar solvents e.g., ethanol.
– Oxidised in respiration to drive the production of ATP.
– Dissolve in non-polar solvents e.g., ethanol.
– Oxidised in respiration to drive the production of ATP.
[q] What is the chemical formular of glycerol?
[a] C3H8O3
[q] What are the 3 different types of fatty acids, their properties, and an example of a triglyceride containing them?
[a] – Saturated (no double bonds): high melting point, solid at room temperature, straight, strong carbon chain, animals use them to store excess energy.
E.g. fats, lard, butter
– Monounsaturated (1 double bond): lower melting point, liquid at room temperature, carbon chain with 1 kink, some animals store energy in this form.
E.g., oil
– Polyunsaturated (more than 1 double bond): low melting point, liquid at room temperature, carbon chain with multiple kinks.
E.g. oil.
– Monounsaturated (1 double bond): lower melting point, liquid at room temperature, carbon chain with 1 kink, some animals store energy in this form.
E.g., oil
– Polyunsaturated (more than 1 double bond): low melting point, liquid at room temperature, carbon chain with multiple kinks.
E.g. oil.
[q] How much energy do lipids store relative to the same mass of carbohydrate?
[a] They store 3x as much energy.
[q] Where are lipids stored?
[a] In adipose tissue.
[q] Where is adipose tissue found?
[a] In birds and mammals it is found between the skin and muscles.
[q] How do triglycerides supply energy?
[a] They supply energy when sufficient foods are not available.
They undergo hydrolysis reactions and the products (glycerol and fatty acids) are made available for energy in the process of cell respiration.
[q] Why are they most useful for long-term energy storage?
[a] They are useful for long-term energy storage because they are insoluble in body fluids and thus will not move from their adipose storage sites.
[q] How are lipids useful to organisms?
[a] – Waterproofing ( oils in fur/feathers) which means they don’t become water-logged and water simply runs off when the animal leaves the water. The same applies for waxes on plant leaves.
– Good insulators, retaining heat in the body. This is particularly advantageous for animals that live in an extreme environment.
– Low in density, allowing aquatic animals to float and be buoyant.
– Low in density, allowing aquatic animals to float and be buoyant.
[q] Why were lipids useful in the past to humans?
[a] Lipids were useful in the past as there wasn’t a plentiful environment and lipids ensured that humans could store energy long-term for survival.
[q] What type of molecule is a phospholipid?
[a] Amphipathic as it has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. The phosphate group is polar and the hydrocarbon tail is non-polar.
[q] What are hormones?
[a] Chemical messenger molecules produced by a variety of glands in the body. They are released into the bloodstream and have access to all body tissues.
[q] What are steroid hormones?
[a] Steroid hormones are made from cholesterol. Cholesterol is primarily a hydrocarbon molecule.
[q] What is similar about oestradiol and testosterone?
[a] – Both are produced by gonadal tissue
– Both are involved in the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics beginning at puberty.
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