IB DP Biology HL B3.1 Gas exchange Flashcards

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[h] IB DP Biology HL B3.1 Gas exchange Flashcards

[q] B3.1.3—Maintenance of concentration gradients at exchange surfaces in animals

[a] Include dense networks of blood vessels, continuous blood flow, and ventilation with air for lungs and with water for gills.

[q] B3.1.4—Adaptations of mammalian lungs for gas exchange

[a] Limit to the alveolar lungs of a mammal.

Adaptations should include the presence of surfactant, a branched network of bronchioles, extensive capillary beds and a high surface area.

[q] B3.1.5—Ventilation of the lungs

[a] Students should understand the role of the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles and ribs.

[q] B3.1.6—Measurement of lung volumes

[a] Application of skills: Students should make measurements to determine tidal volume, vital capacity, and inspiratory and expiratory reserves.

[q] B3.1.7—Adaptations for gas exchange in leaves

[a] Leaf structure adaptations should include the waxy cuticle, epidermis, air spaces, spongy mesophyll, stomatal guard cells and veins.

[q] B3.1.8—Distribution of tissues in a leaf

[a] Students should be able to draw and label a plan diagram to show the distribution of tissues in a transverse section of a dicotyledonous leaf.

[q] B3.1.9—Transpiration as a consequence of gas exchange in a leaf

[a] Students should be aware of the factors affecting the rate of transpiration.

[q] B3.1.10—Stomatal density

[a] Application of skills: Students should use micrographs or perform leaf casts to determine stomatal density.
NOS: Reliability of quantitative data is increased by repeating measurements.

In this case, repeated counts of the number of stomata visible in the field of view at high power illustrate the variability of biological material and the need for replicate trials.

[q] B3.1.11—Adaptations of fetal and adult hemoglobin for the transport of oxygen

[a] Include cooperative binding of oxygen to haem groups and allosteric binding of carbon dioxide.

[q] B3.1.12—Bohr shift

[a] Students should understand how an increase in carbon dioxide causes increased dissociation of oxygen and the benefits of this for actively respiring tissues.

[q] B3.1.13—Explain the S-shaped form of the curve in terms of cooperative binding.

[a] Oxygen dissociation curves as a means of representing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen at different oxygen concentrations

[q] Exchange of gasses takes place between

[a] alveoli and capillaries

[q] Flattening of the diaphragm is followed by

[a] an inhale

[q] Decreased blood alkalinity during exercise is caused by

[a] increased carbon dioxide

[q] Asthma and emphysema can result from

[a] smoking

[q] Chemoreceptors are present in the

[a] aorta

[q] Chemoreceptors send impulses to the

[a] medulla oblongata

[q] To increase the ventilation rate, the breathing center in the brain sends impulses to the

[a] diaphragm

[q] Tidal volume is the

[a] amount of air taken in at rest

[q] Decreased blood alkalinity during exercise is due to the increased level of

[a] hydrogen ions

[q] Oxygen enters the capillaries by

[a] diffusion

[q] Inhaling is a result of

[a] increased volume of thoracic cavity

[q] Ventilation is maintained by the action of the following sets of muscles

[a] diaphragm and intercostal muscles

[q] Cartilage rings are incomplete at the back of the trachea to allow

[a] swallowing

[q] What is the percentage of Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

[a] 0.03

[q] What is the percent of Oxygen in the atmosphere?

[a] 20

[q] What is the percent of Nitrogen in the atmosphere?

[a] 78

[q] the flow of air over the respiratory surface (lung);

CO2 out of alveolus (air sacks) and O2 into alveolus

[a] ventilation

[q] the exchange (switching places) of O2 and CO2 in capillary beds of lungs or body cells

[a] gas exchange

[q] the creation of ATP (energy) from the breakdown of nutrients with the help of oxygen; happens in the mitochondria

[a] cell respiration

[q] moisten, warm, filter air, sense smells

[a] nostrils

[q] throat, connects oral and naval cavity

[a] pharynx

[q] voice box, on top of trachea

[a] larynx

[q] windpipe, C-shaped pieces of cartilage, in front of esophagus

[a] trachea

[q] 2 branches of trachea

[a] bronchi

[q] branches of the bronchi

[a] bronchioles

[q] air sacks, millions of them per lung, look like clusters of grapes

[a] alveoli

[q] specialized cells that make up the alveoli;

simple squamous; cannot go through mitosis

[a] type 1 pneumocytes

[q] specialized cells that make up the alveoli; cuboidal, produce surfactant – mucus that lines surface of alveoli to keep it from collapsing, can convert to type 1 and go through mitosis when damaged

[a] type II pneumocytes

[q] external intercostals contract, diaphragm contracts, volume increases, pressure decreases, outside body- 760 mm Hg, moves to 758 mm Hg- air moves in because less pressure

[a] inhalation

[q] internal intercostals contract, push rib cage down and in- causes diaphragm to relax, volume decreases, pressure increases, pressure may increase to 762 so pressure is greater in lungs and causes you to exhale

[a] exhalation

[q] how many times you breath normally in 1 minute

[a] respiratory rate

[q] the amount of air in and out during normal breathing

[a] tidal volume

[q] What is the average tidal volume of females?

[a] 400 mL

[q] amount of air forcible exhaled after a forced inhale

[a] vital capacity

[q] What is the average vital capacity for females.

[a] 3400 mL

[q] amount of air that cannot be exhaled, a person’s last breath (about 1000 mL)

[a] residual volume

[q] vital capacity (3400) plus residual volume (1000)

[a] total lung capacity

[q] the pressure exerted by each component in a mixture of gas (sea level air pressure- 760 mm Hg)

[a] partial pressure

[q] in red blood cells; it opens up when O2 binds to it to expose the other 3 subunits

[a] hemoglobin

[q] only in muscle cells; can bind to one O2 molecule only; acts as an O2 reservoir in muscles

[a] myoglobin

[q] low pH opens up hemoglobin more so oxygen can get off sooner to go to the muscle cells because those cells need oxygen because we are moving so much

[a] bohr shift

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