▶️ Answer/Explanation
(a)
The correct statements are:
Explanation: Fig. 4.1 shows plantlets growing directly from the leaf margin. This is vegetative propagation, a form of asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves mitosis, requires only one parent, and produces clones (genetically identical offspring). It does not involve gametes, pollination, or implantation (which is an animal process).
(b)
L: Filament (The stalk that supports the anther).
M: Ovule (The structure inside the ovary that contains the female gamete/egg).
N: Sepal (The outer parts of the flower, often green, that protect the bud).
(c)(i)
Prediction: Insect pollination.
Explanation: The flower has large petals which serve to attract insects visually. Additionally, the anthers and stigma are enclosed by the petals (not hanging outside as in wind-pollinated flowers), meaning insects must enter the flower to contact them.
(c)(ii)
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma.
(d)(i)
Q or R.
Explanation: Pollen grains Q and R appear smooth and relatively small compared to the others. Wind-pollinated pollen needs to be light and smooth to float easily in the air without clumping.
(d)(ii)
\(0.08 \text{ mm}\) – \(0.10 \text{ mm}\)
Explanation: The scale bar represents \(0.03 \text{ mm}\). Pollen grain V is roughly \(2.5\) to \(3\) times the length of the scale bar.
Calculation: \(0.03 \times 3 \approx 0.09 \text{ mm}\).
(d)(iii)
Any two of the following characteristics:
- Spiky / hooks / rough surface (to attach to the fur or body of insects).
- Sticky (to adhere to insects).
- Heavy / large (compared to wind-borne pollen).
Explanation: In Fig. 4.4, grains like W and S show distinct spikes, which are adaptations for hooking onto passing pollinators.