(a)

(b) $R \cap (P \cup Q’) \, \text{or} \, R \cap P’ \cap Q’ \, \text{oe}$

(a)

\( A \cup B’ \) means everything in set A or not in set B (the complement of B) which include outside area.

(b)

\( P \cup Q \) is everything in P or Q.
\( (P \cup Q)’ \) is the complement, meaning everything outside P and Q.
Intersection with R (\( R \cap (P \cup Q)’ \)) gives the part of R that lies outside both P and Q.
$
R \cap (P \cup Q)’
$

\( P’ \): Everything not in P
\( Q’ \): Everything not in Q
Intersection with R means we take the part of R that’s outside both P and Q.
$
R \cap P’ \cap Q’
$