Transport in animals Flashcards iGCSE Biology

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[h] Transport in animals Flashcards iGCSE  CIE Biology

[q] Adapation of Arteries

[a]

• • Structure of Wall:
    • Thick wall;
      • Withstands blood pressure;
    • Muscular tissue;
      • Vasoconstriction / vasodilation / resisting rupture / withstands pressure ;
    • Elastic tissue;
      • Stretches to allow blood surge or recoils to maintain (blood) pressure / smooths out blood flow;
    • Fibrous tissue;
      • Maintains shape / prevents bursting ;
    • Folded endothelium lining;
      • Allows artery to stretch / allow larger volume of blood to flow / AW;
    • Width of Lumen: Small
      • Maintains blood pressure;

[q] Adapation of Veins

[a]

[q] Adaptation of Capillaries

[a]

[q] Arterioles

[a]

• Supplies blood from arteries to the capillaries / shunt vessels;
  • Function:
  • Maintains body temperature / homeostasis;
  • Controls blood flow to the surface of the skin by vasoconstriction / vasodilation

[q] Venules

[a] Narrow vessels that connect capillaries to veins

[q] Shunt Vessel

[a]

• Dilate and contract to control amount of blood flowing to an area
  • e.g: Skin in cold conditions
  •  

[q] Blood clotting

[a]

1. Blood vessel breaks due to an injury. 
2. Platelets stick to the broken vessel wall and clump together, blocking the cut. 
3. Platelets begin secreting thrombin which convert fibrinogen to fibrin with the involvement of calcium ions.
4. Fibrin forms an insoluble mesh across the wound. 
5. Red blood cells and platelets get trapped in the fibres.
6. This prevents blood loss and allows the vessel to heal, as well as preventing pathogens from entering the blood vessel

• Ref to platelets ;
• Fibrinogen converted to fibrin ;
• Soluble to insoluble / fibrin is insoluble ;
• Thrombin / enzyme in context ;
• Mesh / network / web, to trap blood (cells) ;
• AVP; e.g. Reference to prothrombin or involvement of calcium ions

[q] CARDIAC CYCLE

[a]

[q] Causes of Coronary Heart Disease

[a]

• Smoking: Nicotine damages the circulatory system by narrowing and stiffening blood vessels
• Fatty diets: Diets rich in animal fats containing Low Density Lipids (LDL) cause CHD to develop
• Age: As you grow older, the risk of developing CHD increases
• Stress: Unmanageable and long term stress leads to the development of CHD
• Genetic predisposition: passed from one generation to the next in some families
• Gender: CHD often develops in males than in females. (It may be due to sex-linked genes)
• Lack of exercise: Heart muscle becomes less efficient at pumping blood.

[q] Components of Blood

[a]

• Red Blood Cells
• White Blood Cells (Phagocytes and Lymphocytes)
• Platelets
• Plasma

[q] Coronary Heart Disease Treatment

[a]

1. Stents: Tube to hold arteries open to restore blood supply to heart muscle
2. Angioplasty: Balloon inserted into artery and inflated to widen artery
3. Coronary Bypass Operation: a piece of blood vessel attached to carry blood around the blocked artery
4. Heart Transplant Surgery: In severe cases only
5. Drug Treatment (E.g: Aspirin/Statin): To prevent blood clotting

[q] Function of blood vessels

[a]

• Arteries:
  • Carry blood away from the heart to tissues
• Veins:
  • Carry blood from tissues towards the heart
• Capillaries:
  • Allow exchange of substances between blood and tissues to take place

[q] Function of Red Blood Cell

[a]

• Transport oxygen from lungs to all body cells
  • Haemoglobin combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin, and breaks down and releases oxygen in places where oxygen concentration is low.

[q] Heart monitoring

[a]

• Using an Electrocardiogram (ECG), which records the electrical signals in the heart that cause contractions of the atria and ventricles. 
• Listening to the pulse rate 
• Listening to sound of valves closing

[q] How can blood in the veins return to the heart against the pull of gravity?

[a]

• Contraction of muscles;
  • Pushing and squeezing of blood;
• Valves prevents backflow;
• Negative pressure in the heart;
  • Idea of residual pressure from the heart;

[q] How is Coronary Heart Disease caused?

[a]

• Cholesterol and Saturated Fats are deposited in walls of coronary arteries;
  • Narrows lumen of arteries
    • Increases blood pressure, forming atheroma / atherosclerosis
    • Promotes blood clotting / thrombosis
  • Roughens the lining of arteries

• Effects:

  • Less bood flow to heart muscle, so less oxygen reaches heart muscle.
  • • Heart muscle respires anaerobically
    • Heart muscle produces lactic acid
    • Heart muscle becomes fatigued.

[q] Identify Red and White Blood Cells

[a] Purple: White Blood Cell

[q] Lymphocytes Function

[a]

• Produce antibodies
  • Adaptation: Nucelus contains many copies of genes for the control of antibody (protein) production.

[q] Name parts of the heart (Note: (a) are same parts and (b) are same parts)

[a]

[q] Name the Blue Stars

[a]

[q] Name the Green Stars

[a]

[q] Name the parts of heart in green stars

[a]

[q] Name the type of White Blood Cell

[a] Phagocyte

[q] Name the type of White Blood Cell

[a] Phagocyte

[q] Name the type of White Blood Cell

[a] Lymphocyte

[q] Name the type of White Blood Cells

[a] Lymphocyte

[q] Name the Yellow Stars

[a] Answer: 

[q] Name the Yellow Stars

[a]

[q] Phagocytes Function

[a]

[q] Plasma Function

[a]

• transport of blood cells, mineral ions, urea, soluble nutrient, hormones, and carbon dioxide (Name Four)

[q] Preventing Coronary Heart Disease

[a]

• Stop smoking
• Reduce fats
• Exercise regularly: Strengthens the heart muscle
• Drug treatment such as ‘statin/aspirin’ prevent blood clotting
• Surgery or Heart Operation

[q] Relative thickness of muscle wall

[a]

• The ventricles have thicker muscle walls than the atria
  • Ventricles pump blood out of the heart and so need to generate a higher pressure, whereas atria only pushes blood to ventricle

• The left ventricle has a thicker muscle wall than the right ventricle
  • Left ventricle need higher pressure to pump blood around the entire body, whereas the right ventricle only need enough pressure to pump blood to the lung.
  •  

[q] The Lymphatic System

[a]

• Functions:
  • Tissue fluid drains into lymphatic vessels which transports tissue fluid back into the blood / circulatory system; 
  • Lymph nodes contains lymphocytes / antibodies that defence against infection / provide (active) immunity; 
  • Lacteals transports fats from small intestine / duodenum / ileum ;

[q] The Lymphatic System

[a]

• The lymphatic system is formed from a series of tubes which flow from tissues back to the heart

• Lymphs
  • Lymphs empties into blood

• Lymph Vessels:
  • Lymph travel via Lymph vessels

• Lymph nodes:
  • Contains lymphocytes and phagocytes
  • Filters the lymph by destroying pathogens
•  

[q] The Mnemonic LABRAT

[a] Left Atrium Bicuspid, Right Atrium Tricuspid

[q] The circulatory system

[a]

• The circulatory system is a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood

[q] The septum

[a] The septum separates the two sides of the heart and so prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

[q] Tissue Fluid

[a]

• Forms at the arteriole end of the capillary when nutrients are forced out of capillaries due to the high pressure in the narrower blood vessel. 
• Tissue fluid bathes the cells and allows nutrients to diffuse into cells, and waste substances to diffuse out into the tissue fluid.
• Most of the tissue fluid is reabsorbed into the capillary at the venous end. Some larger molecules, such as lipids and large proteins, cannot re-enter the capillary, thus must be carried away by the lymph system.

[q] Why does Heart Rate Increase during Exercise? [5 Marks] (Cloze?)

[a]

• Adrenaline stimulates increase in, heart / pulse, rate ;
• Increase in blood, carbon dioxide (concentration) / acidity, detected ;
• Nerves stimulate heart to beat faster ;
• Ref to muscle contraction / AW ;
• Muscles require more energy / muscles are doing more work ;
• (Rate of aerobic) respiration increases ;
• Increase demand for, oxygen / glucose ;
• Ref to removal of, carbon dioxide / lactic acid / heat ;
• More, blood / carbon dioxide, to lungs (per unit time) ;
• More, blood / oxygen / glucose, to muscles ;
• AVP ; e.g. ref to ATP / vasodilation in muscles

[q] Single circulation

[a]

• • Blood goes through the heart once for each complete circulation of the body.
    • Heart only has two chambers
  • E.g: Fish
• Disadvantage:
  • Less overall Blood Pressure

[q] Double circulation

[a]

• The blood flows through the heart twice for one complete circuit
  • One pumps oxygenated blood to the body called systemic circulation
  • One pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs called pulmonary circulation
• Advantage:
  • Maintains high blood pressure to all the major organs of the body
  • Higher rate of blood flow

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