Question

Match the following columns and select the correct option.[NEET (Sep.) 2020]

     A B C D
(a) 3 2 1 4
(b) 3 1 4 2
(c) 2 1 4 3
(d) 4 3 1 2

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (b)
The correct option is (b). It can be explained as follows Grave’s disease occurs is due to excess secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). Diabetes mellitus is due to hyposecretion of insulin from $\beta$-cells of pancreas. Diabetes insipidus is due to hyposecretion of ADH from posterior pituitary. Addison’s disease is due to hyposecretion of hormone from adrenal cortex.

Question

Select the correct statement. [NEET (Sep.) 2020]

(a) Glucagon is associated with hypoglycemia

(b) Insulin acts on pancreatic cells and adipocytes

(c) Insulin is associated with hyperglycemia

(d) Glucocorticoids stimulate gluconeogenesis

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (d)
Statement in option (d) is correct. Rest statements can be corrected as Glucagon is associated with hyperglycemia. Insulin acts on hepatocytes and adipocytes and is associated with hypoglycemia.

Question

Which of the following conditions will stimulate parathyroid gland to release parathyroid hormone? [NEET (Odisha) 2019]

(a) Fall in active vitamin-D levels

(b) Fall in blood $\mathrm{Ca}^{+2}$ levels

(c) Fall in bone $\mathrm{Ca}^{+2}$ levels

(d) Rise in blood $\mathrm{Ca}^{+2}$ levels

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (b)

The fall in blood $\mathrm{Ca}^{+2}$ levels is the condition which will stimulate parathyroid gland to release parathyroid hormone. This hormone exerts its effects on bones and kidneys. When calcium levels are low, parathyroid hormone is released by the parathyroid glands into the blood and causes the bones to release calcium and increase levels in the bloodstream.

Question

Which of the following glucose transporters is insulin-dependent? [NEET (National) 2019]

(a)GLUT II

(b) GLUT III

(c) GLUT IV

(d) GLUT I

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (c)

GLUT IV is an insulin dependent glucose transporter. It helps in the transport of glucose into muscles and adipose cells under anabolic conditions. It permits the facilitated diffusion of circulating glucose down its concentration gradient into muscle and fat cells. On the other hand, GLUTI, II and III are insulin independent glucose transporters.

Question

Artificial light, extended work-time and reduced sleep-time disrupt the activity of [NEET (National) 2019]

(a) thymus gland

(b) pineal gland

(c) adrenal gland

(d) posterior pituitary gland

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (b)

Artificial light, extended work time and reduced sleep time disrupt the activity of pineal gland. It is a small pea-shaped gland in the brain. It produces melatonin, which helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulate reproductive hormones.

Question

Which of the following hormones can play a significant role in osteoporosis? [NEET 2018]

(a) Estrogen and parathyroid hormone

(b) Progesterone and aldosterone

(c) Aldosterone and prolactin

(d) Parathyroid hormone and prolactin

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (a)

Estrogen and parathyroid hormone can play significant role in osteoporosis. It is caused due to the deficiency of estrogen and excessive activity of parathormones. Estrogen helps to promote the activity of osteoblast (helps in the formation of bone cells) and inhibits ost eoclast (destruct the bones). On the other hand, parathormone promotes the mobilisation of calcium from bones into blood hence causes demineralisation. The other listed hormones also contribute to osteoporosis but their effects are insignificant or very less. e.g., low level of progesterone and aldosterone causes bone loss whereas raised level of prolactin have been linked with osteoporosis.

Question

Which of the following structures or regions is incorrectly paired with its function? [NEET 2018]
(a) Hypothalamus          Production of releasing hormones and regulation of temperature, hunger and thirst.

(b) Limbic system         Consists of fibre tracts that interconnect different regions of brain; controls movement.

(c) Medulla                     Controls respiration oblongata and cardiovascular reflexes.

(d) Corpus                    Band of fibres callosum connecting left and right cerebral hemispheres.

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (b)
Limbic system consists of four major components namely hippocampus, amygdala, septal nuclei and mammilary bodies. It controls the emotional behaviour, food habits and sex behaviour of an organism. It is not involved in controlling movements. The rest three options are correctly paired with their functions.

Question

The posterior pituitary gland is not a ‘true’ endocrine gland because [NEET 2016, Phase II]

(a) it is provided with a duct

(b) it only stores and releases hormones

(c) it is under the regulation of hypothalamus

(d) it secretes enzymes

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (b)
The posterior pituitary gland is not a ‘true’ endocrine gland because it only stores and releases two hormonesoxytocin and vasopressin, which are actually synthesised by the hypothalamus and are transported to the posterior pituitary through hypophysial portal system. Hence option (b) is correct.

Question

Fight or flight reactions cause activation of [CBSE AIPMT 2014]

(a) the parathyroid glands, leading to increased metabolic rate

(b) the kidney, leading to suppression of reninangiotensin-aldosterone pathway

(c) the adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

(d) the pancreas leading to a reduction in the blood sugar levels

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (c)

Fight or flight reaction is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to emergency. Emergency hormone is secreted by adrenal medulla of adrenal gland. Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and nor-epinephrine commonly called catecholamines hormones which stimulates sweating, heartbeat and breathing rate.
These hormones also causes dilation of coronary artery (supplying blood to heart muscles) a bronchioles (for increasing inspiratory volume) and pupil (for better vision).

Question

Which of the following statement is correct in relation to the endocrine system? [NEET 2013]

(a) Adenohypophysis is under direct neural regulation of the hypothalamus

(b) Organs in the body like gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidney and liver do not produce any hormones

(c) Non-nutrient chemicals produced by the body in trace amount that act as intercellular messenger are known as hormones

(d) Releasing and inhibitory hormones are produced by the pituitary gland

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (c)
Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals, which act as intracellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts.
Endocrine cells are present in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract, e.g. gastrin, secretin, GIP.
Atrial wall of our heart secretes a peptide hormone called ANF (Atrial Natriuretic Factor), RH/H are produced by hypothalamus. Adenohypophysis is not directly under neural control, it is under the control of hypothalamic hormones, brought by portal system.

Question

Select the answer which correctly matches the endocrine gland with the hormone it secretes and its function/deficiency symptom [NEET 2013]

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (c)
Lack of iodine in diet results in goitre. Oxytocin is produced by neurohypophysis, which stimulates uterus contraction during child birth. Anterior pituitary secretes Growth Hormones (GH) its over secretion stimulates abnormal growth. Testosterone is secreted by Leydig cells of testes in males.

Question

Match the source gland with its respective hormone as well as the function. [CBSE AIPMT 2011]

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (a)
The pituitary gland is located in a bony cavity called sella tursica and is attached to hypothalamus by a stalk. It is divided anatomically into an adenohypophysis and a neurohypophysis. The neurohypophysis latter is also called pars nervosa or posterior pituitary. It stores and releases two hormone called oxytocin and vasopressin, which are actually synthesised by the hypothalamus and are transported axonally to neurohypophysis. Vasopressin acts mainly at the kidney and stimulates reabsorption of water and electrolytes by the distal tubules in the nephron and thereby reducing the loss of water through urine (diuresis). Hence, it is also called as Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH).

Question

Given ahead is an incomplete table about certain hormones, their source glands and one major effect of each on the body in humans. Identify the correct option for the three blanks $A, B$ and $C$.
[CBSE AIPMT 2011]

              A                           B                            C
(a) Placenta                  Insulin                Vasopressin

(b) Ovary                      Insulin              Calcitonin

(c) Placenta                Glucagon                Calcitonin

(d) Ovary                  Glucagon                   Growth hormone

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (d)

Hypersecretion of growth hormone (somatotropic hormone) during adulthood causes acromegaly. It is characterised by bossing of frontal bone, prominent cheek, coarse hair, hirsutism, enlarged hands and feet.

Question

Which one of the following pairs of organs includes only the endocrine glands? [CBSE AIPMT 2008]

(a) Parathyroid and adrenal

(b) Pancreas and parathyroid

(c) Thymus and testes

(d) Adrenal and ovary

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (a)

The endocrine glands have no ducts and their secretions get absorbed into the immediate surrounding blood circulation to reach the specific organs to initiate a particular metabolic change, e.g. thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, thymus.

Question

A person is having problems with calcium and phosphorus metabolism in his body. Which one of the following glands may not be functioning properly? [CBSE AIPMT 2007]

(a) Parathyroid

(b) Parotid

(c)Pancreas

(d) Thyroid

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (a)

The parathormone secreted by parathyroid gland regulates the calcium and phosphate balance between the blood and other tissues.

Question

Which of the following is an accumulation and release centre of neurohormones? [CBSE AIPMT 2006]

(a) Posterior pituitary lobe

(b) Intermediate lobe of the pituitary

(c) Hypothalamus

(d) Anterior pituitary lobe

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (c)

Almost all hormonal secretion by the pituitary gland are controlled by hormonal signal from hypothalamus. The neurohormones are secreted and accumulated by hypothalamus.

Question

Melatonin is secreted by [CBSE AIPMT 2000]

(a) skin

(b) thymus

(c) pituitary

(d) pineal gland

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (d)

The pineal gland (epiphysis) secretes the hormone melatonin. It regulates the working of gonads by inhibiting gonadotropins and their effects. Its production is inhibited by exposure of animal to light.

Question

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone $(\mathrm{MSH})$ is produced by [CBSE AIPMT 2000]

(a) anterior pituitary

(b) posterior pituitary

(c) pars intermedia of pituitary

(d) parathyroid

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (c)

The intermediate lobe (pars intermedium) of the pituitary gland secretes MSH which causes dispersal of pigment granules in the pigment cells (melanocytes) which give colour to the skin. In the frogs and tadpoles, MSH is responsible for the generalised blackening of the skin.

Question

A common scent-producing gland among mammals is [CBSE AIPMT 2000]

(a) anal gland

(b) prostate gland

(c) adrenal gland

(d) Bartholin’s gland

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (a)

Scent or musk glands are located around the face, feet or anus of many mammals. These secrete pheromones which may be involved in defence, recognition and territorial behaviour.

Question

The gonadotropic hormones are produced by [CBSE AIPMT 1999]

(a) interstitial cells of testes

(b) adrenal cortex

(c) adenohypophysis of pituitary

(d) posterior part of thyroid

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (c)
The gonadotropic hormones (FSH and $\mathrm{ICSH}=\mathrm{LH})$ are secreted by anterior lobe of the pituitary (adenohypophysis). Gonadotropic Hormone (GTH) controls the function of gonads (ovary in females and testes in males).

Question

The hormone which regulates the basal metabolism in our body is secreted from [CBSE AIPMT 1998]

(a) pituitary

(b) thyroid

(c) adrenal cortex

(d) pancreas

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (b)
Thyroxine $\left(T_4\right)$ and tri-iodothyronin $\left(T_3\right)$ hormones are secreted by the thyroid follicular cells. These hormones maintain the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) of the body.

Question

Occurrence of Leydig’s cells and their secretion is [CBSE AIPMT 1998, 93, 91]

(a) ovary and oestrogen

(b) liver and cholesterol

(c) pancreas and glucagon

(d) testis and testosterone

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (d)

The endocrine part of testis is formed of groups of cells, called interstitial cells or Leydig’s cells, scattered in connective tissue between the sperm producing seminiferous tubules of the testis.
These cells are stimulated to produce male sex hormones, called androgens by ICSH of anterior pituitary. Testosterone is main androgen and it is a steroid hormone.

Question

Which of the following endocrine gland stores its secretion in the extracellular space before discharging into the blood? [CBSE AIPMT 1995]

(a) Pancreas

(b) Adrenal

(c) Testis

(d) Thyroid

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (d)

Thyroid gland secretes thyroxine. Thyroxine hormones are stored in the lumen of the follicle, the extracellular space.

Question

MSH of pars intermedia of middle pituitary is responsible for [CBSE AIPMT 1988]

(a)darkening of skin in lower vertebrates

(b) light colouration of skin in lower vertebrates

(c) Both (a) and (b)

(d) darkening of skin in human beings

Answer/Explanation

Ans. (a)
MSH controls the synthesis and dispersal of melanin granules in the chromatophores in the skin of fishes, amphibians and some reptiles (poikilothermal animals) so, it causes darkening of skin. It is non-functional in man.

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